Contact dermatitis risk factor

Felter, S.P., et al., An evaluation of the scientific basis for default uncertainty factors for use in quantitative risk assessment of the induction of allergic contact dermatitis, Contact Derm. Al, 257-266, 2002. 

Uter, W., Pfahlberg, A., Gefeller, O., Geier, J., and Schnuch, A., Risk factors for contact allergy to nickel — results of a multifactorial analysis, Contact Dermatitis, 48, 33, 2003. 

Paulsen, E., A. Otkjaer, and K.E. Andersen. 2008. Sesquiterpene lactone dermatitis in the young Is atopy a risk factor Contact Dermat. 59(l) l-6. 

The period prevalence includes subjects with long-lasting contact dermatitis as well as relatively recent cases and thus possesses all interpretational difficulties that are inherent to a period prevalence. No inference can be made between exposure and contact dermatitis because the exposure may have changed over time, past exposure may be over- or underestimated, and preventive measures may have been taken after symptoms occurred. Given these considerations, incidence figures are preferred for analyzing risk factors for OCD. 

Dry skin is probably a risk factor, a proxy for atopic dermatitis Except in specific circumstances, contact allergy is not a risk factor Within the time span of employment life, age is not a risk factor Gender is not a risk factor, but is associated with exposure There is no other known personal skin characteristic associated with risk... 

For example, the incidence of occupational contact dermatitis was assessed in different occupations in a population-based study (Fig. 1). The risk resulting from exposure to wet work (Lammintausta et al. 1982) and exposure to permanent wave solutions was determined (liter et al. 1995), atopic diatheses was proven to be an endogenous risk factor (Diepgen 1991), and preventive actions were taken in hairdressers, known to be frequently affected by contact dermatitis (Schwanitz et al. 1996). Comprehensive reviews on the epidemiology of (occupational and non-occupational) contact dermatitis have been published (Smit and Coenraads 1993 Schnuch 1994). 

A complex interplay of exogenous risk factors and the endogenous disposition is believed to be responsible for the occurrence and course of irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) in humans. To prevent its appearance, determinants of disease development, also known as risk factors, must be identified. 

Mozzanica N (1992) Pathogenetic aspects of allergic and irritant contact dermatitis. Clin Dermatol 10 115-121 Nilsson E (1986) Individual and environmental risk factors for hand eczema in hospital workers. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 128 1-63... 

Paulsen E, Sogaard J, Andersen KE (1997) Occupational 182. dermatitis in Danish gardeners and greenhouse workers. (I) Prevalence and possible risk factors. Contact Dermatitis 183. 37 263-270... 

Field EA (1998) Atopy and other risk factors for UK dentists reporting an adverse reaction to latex gloves. Contact Dermatitis 38 132-136... 

The causes of chronicity from occupational contact dermatitis are usually multifactorial. Most studies indicated that allergic contact dermatitis is less likely to lead to chronicity than irritant contact dermatitis. The risk factor for chronicity of dermatitis in patients with contact dermatitis appears to be determined by the type or causes of contact dermatitis, the presence of atopy, and job change. The prognosis of contact dermatitis appears to be better in recent years. This improvement could be due to better understanding of the nature and causes of occupational contact dermatitis, availability of better diagnostic procedures and better health education, and preventive measures against occupational contact dermatitis. 

Hand eczema and contact allergy was studied in hospital employees in Finland (Lammintausta et al. 1982). Nickel allergy was found in 9.1% of the 536 workers tested and 60% of all nickel-sensitive persons had a history of hand eczema (Table 3). The 20-month prevalence of hand eczema was 41% among 1857 women employed in wet hospital work in Sweden (Table 3), and the most important risk factors were a history of earlier hand eczema, followed by a history of metal dermatitis (Nilsson and Back 1986). 

Avnstorp C (1991) Risk factors for cement eczema. Contact Dermatitis 25 81-88... 

Case reports of allergic contact dermatitis from alcohols were recently reviewed (Ophaswongse and Mai-bach 1994)- In addition, cross reactivity and oral provocation were addressed. An individual with a type-IV allergy may cross react to other alcohols on patch testing. In a few cases, oral provocation with alcoholic beverages was positive, but it is unclear whether there was a coexistence of type I and type IV in some patients. There are presumably metabolic dose-response relationships and individual susceptibility factors that operate as risk factors in predicting one s propensity to develop systemic contact dermatitis due to oral provocation. 

Atopy, whether occurring on its own among the traditional batik workers or in his/her family members as a risk factor in relation to occupational skin disease has not been confirmed - maybe because of the few samples used. There has been a perception that atopic individuals should not develop allergic contact dermatitis as frequently as normal individuals [14], whereas... 

Nater JP, de Groot AC (1985) Unwanted effects of cosmetics and drugs used in dermatology, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam Nilsson E, Mikaelsson B, Andersson S (1985) Atopy, occupational and domestic work as risk factors for hand eczema in hospital workers. Contact Dermatitis 13 216-223 Nutter AF (1979) Contact urticaria to rubber. Br J Dermatol 101 597-598... 

Exposure to risk factors for the development of contact dermatitis may vary widely depending on the kind of job and, even more, on the type of metal industry. A multiplicity of exogenous factors and variability in individual behavior make the estimation of dermal exposure at work very difficult [7]. In all cases, the industrial physician must look at the room ventilation, stress the importance of protective gloves and creams. However, frequent washing of the hands to remove the irritant/allergen also seems to be important [8]. 

Athletes are at risk of a vast number of common skin disorders which may be specific to themselves or unique to a particular sport. Dermatological problems of athletes are a result of mechanical trauma, cutaneous infections, contact dermatitis, and physical and environmental factors. 

A particularly vulnerable group comprises those who have or have had atopic dermatitis, and there is a risk that this may flare up in the office environment. Chemical products, paper and paper dust, friction, climatic factors, and stress are present, and their relative importance is hard to specify in individual cases. Patch testing is recommended in order to exclude elements of contact allergy. Immunoglobulin E, radio-allergosorbent test and prick tests help to verify an atopic diathesis. 

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