Incident Figure

James Reason offered another useful model, often referred to as the Swiss cheese model, that explains how the many factors can converge, resulting in an incident (Figure 6-5). A company tries to promote safety and prevent catastrophic incidents hy putting into place layers of system defenses, depicted in Figure 6-5 as slices of Swiss cheese. Essentially, the term system defenses refers to the safety-related decisions and actions of the entire company top management, the line supervisors, and the workers. This model recognizes that each defense layer has weaknesses or holes. 

There are many uncertainties in the information available on ADEs, as estimated from premarketing chnical trials, and even the incidence figures quoted are frequently guesses rather than... 

When light is reflected, the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence (Figure 20-17). When light passes from one medium into another, its path is bent (Color Plate 20). This bending, called refraction, is described by Snell s law ... 

Calculated from the 1978 incidence figures published by the American Cancer Society. 

The interior of the spent cartridge case is routinely examined whenever FDR is detected on a suspect, to determine the type of primer involved in the incident. Figure 21.1 and Figure 21.2 illustrate primer types as determined by FAAS and SEM/EDX examination, respectively. 

Percentage incidence figures for digitalis-induced dysrhythmias were given by Chung in his review of 726 patients (5). The commonest dysrhythmias are ventricular extra beats (54% of all dysrhythmias), coupled ventricular... 

Two prospective interview surveys have generated incidence figures for adverse effects associated with chiropractic treatment. In a Norwegian investigation (20), 102 chiropractors were asked to monitor 1058 new patients. At least one adverse effect was reported by 55% of the patients at some time during the course of a maximum of six treatments. The most common adverse effects were local discomfort (53% of total), headache (12%), tiredness (11%), or radiating discomfort (10%). A Swedish survey used similar methods to monitor 1858 chiropractic consultations and demonstrated an incidence rate for adverse effects of 44% (21). In both studies, all effects noted were mild and transient no serious effects were recorded. 

Toxic responses appear in several guises. We shall simplify the topic a bit and deal with just the two that cover most situations. The first category of toxic responses goes under the technical heading of dichotomous responses. This is a fancy term for yes/no responses. In a test of acute toxicity an animal either dies ( yes ) or does not die ( no ). In a cancer experiment animals either develop tumors ( yes ) or do not ( no ). When the toxic response occurs in this form the toxicologist reports the response as an incidence figure the fraction of animals that exhibit the effect at each of the doses studied. 

In fact, a report elaborated from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and (ECDC) edited by Amato-Gauci and Ammon (2007) emphasizes that the national incidence figures often reflect activity to find asymptomatic patients rather than reflecting the true incidence of infection. 

P Data for Americans of unspecified race (S32). The incidence figure is for all silent gene subtypes combined. 

Transport incidents figures are given for transport incidents in the oil and coal divisions. Four incidents involving the spillage of 30000 litres occurred in the oil division and 1 accident per million km travelled in the coal division. 

Specular reflectance occurs when the reflected angle of incident radiation equals the angle of incidence (Figure 3.3c). The amount of light reflected depends on the angle of incidence, the refiractive index, the surface roughness, and the absorption properties of the sample. 

A decrease in axillary hair is perhaps the manifestation most clearly dependent on adrenal function in females and, to a lesser degree, in males (Albright, 1947). Such a decrease was observed in 77% of male patients, in 96% of menopausal women, and in 89% of women in menstrual age. These incidence figures agree roughly with the frequency of lowered 17-ketosteroid excretion observed. 

The period prevalence includes subjects with long-lasting contact dermatitis as well as relatively recent cases and thus possesses all interpretational difficulties that are inherent to a period prevalence. No inference can be made between exposure and contact dermatitis because the exposure may have changed over time, past exposure may be over- or underestimated, and preventive measures may have been taken after symptoms occurred. Given these considerations, incidence figures are preferred for analyzing risk factors for OCD. 

Operators are expected to have in place procedures for responding to emergency environmental incidents. Figure 5.3.4 provides an example of an emergency procedure. Qearly set out and, depending on the waste and its properties, may need additional precautions to be added. 

Historical records show that there were many fires during the inception of the petroleum industry, which unfortunately continue today The general trend is of an ever increasing financial impact for major incidents. Figure 6.1 graphically illustrates the amount of losses for a single major loss for the past several decades. As can be readily seen the losses have risen dramatically and can be financially disastrous in real economic terms. 

Ideally, awards are based on behavioral criteria, not simply a fixed period of time wifliout an incident Figure 11.1. Design options for safety awards and incentives. 

---