Energy consumption ratio

Average Energy Consumption Ratio Equipment Dimensions... 

Figure 2. Examples of the relation between the test force and the energy consumption ratio on instru mented indentation with Berkovic or Knoop indenter.

Figure 3 shows the results of the energy consumption ratio of every specimen on the indenter of every tip radius. On the indenters of 20 j,m and 50 jim, the contacts were almost elastically and no energy consumption was found. However, in the test with 20 jLm indenter the scattering of the data became larger. On the indenters of 5 and lOfim, energy consumption ratio increased continuously with increasing the... 

Figure 3. Energy consumption ratio of each test condition with spherical indenters of 5, 10,20 and 50 p,m in radius ( Sap is sapphire c plane).

To give the designer some advice, many recommendations exist in literature. Some general recommendations can be found in prEN 13779 for designing the air distribution system for low energy consumption. These include giving a certain target level for power consumption [the so-called SEP class. SEP means specific fan power, the ratio between the input power of fan mo tors and the total airflow, in W/(m s" )]. 

The potential of mass transit to provide transportation sendees with low energy consumption relies on the high capacity of transit vehicles, since these vehicles have higher energy consumption per vehicle distance traveled compared to private motorized vehicles or nonmotorized modes. Therefore the occupancy rate of transit service is a key factor in determining its energy efficiency. This rate can be measured by the ratio of person distance traveled to vehicle distance traveled. 

Thus, the error in the prediction of the minimum reflux ratio has little effect on the estimate of the number of theoretical stages for this example. The error in the prediction of the energy consumption is likely to be more serious. 

Again the atmospheric 14C/C ratio is an excellent example. Man-induced disturbances of the environmental system lead to changes in the 14C/C ratio which are of the order of magnitude of the natural fluctuations or even larger the emission of 14C-free C02 from fossil energy consumption leads to a decrease, and the emission of man-made 14C from nuclear weapons testing, to an increase of the atmospheric 14C/C ratio. 

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