Consumption, household reduce

Bl Source control [households (e.g., water consumption, urine separation and use of kitchen grinders), discharges from industry and reduced infiltration] B2 Injection of oxygen or nitrate... 

Specific questions about motives for mineral water consumption revealed tap water substitution as by far the most significant factor (73%), followed by habit (42%), e.g. someone else in the household buys it anyway, and particular organoleptic properties (taste, bubbles etc.). Secondary motives were specific therapeutic features or health reasons, including the choice of mineral water instead of wine or other soft drinks. Thirteen per cent of households had installed a domestic water filter of some type (including systems which only reduce water hardness). 

Another option to reduce SWRO energy consumption is to use diluted seawater. For example, the London desahnation plant shown in Figure 5.5 draws water fi-om the Thames River estuary during the last 3 h of the ebb tide. The feed water TDS is less than half of normal seawater. The 400 M plant commissioned in 2010 has a capacity of 150,000 m /day, enough to supply 400,000 households, and operates on 100% renewable energy with a water recovery >75% [45]. 

This issue is particularly severe for the household appliance industry, which has also been called upon over the past years to progressively reduce the energy consumption of their products. 

Refrigerators and freezers account for about 20% of the total electricity consumption of household appliances. For this reason the appliance industry is under pressure to improve the energy efficiency of their products to cope with the need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, as recently mandated by the Kyoto Conference. This objective has to be achieved without penalising product performance. Several options to decrease the energy consumption are under evaluation, ranging from high efficiency compressors to the adoption of intelligent electronic devices [57, 58, 59]. 

Thanks to this, vacuum panel technology is becoming a technically viable and cost effective solution to the need to reduce energy consumption in household appliances and in commercial and industrial applications. To successfully achieve this target, additional efforts are necessary to further improve the component quality and reliability (foam, film and adsorbent), to optimise panel production and to reduce costs. 

The economic analysis also simulates the impact of the program s transfer element on consumption poverty and predicts that poverty falls by about 2.5 percent using a poverty line of either US 1 or US 2 per day. This is an upper bound of the short-run effect. If households save and invest any of the transfer, or if they reduce the number of hours they work, the immediate poverty impact will be lower. If the investments yield a return, the long-run effects on poverty reduction may be higher (World Bank 2006a). 

Household assets protected (households short-term vulnerability to shocks reduced) Percentage of the average change in asset levels of chronically food-insecure households Percentage of households reporting distress sales of assets Percentage of households reporting consumption of seed stocks... 

Two simple, or so-called naive, estimators are possible. One method is to subtract the value of the transfer from post-transfer consumption. The assumption behind this approximation is that the extra income does not affect the wages and/or remittances received by the household, and is entirely consumed, that is, not saved or invested. If the receipt of transfers reduces the level of wages and remittances earned by the household, this method will underestimate errors of inclusion. The extent of the error will depend on the size of the behavioral changes. A second simple approximation is to use post-transfer consump-... 

All methods used to account for households behavioral responses to transfers are data intensive. Most of the CCT evaluations from World Bank (forthcoming) are randomized evaluations, with information collected from treatment and control groups. Jalan and Ravallion (2003) use propensity score matching to evaluate the distributional outcomes of Argentina s Trabajar program. Ravallion, van de Walle, and Gautam (1995) and van de Walle (2003) use panel data and instrumental variable models to estimate a reduced form equation of household consumption on transfer incomes. 

Alkylphenol ethoxylate (APE) surfactants make up approximately 10% of overall consumption. While effective in many industrial applications, they face a number of environmental challenges that could greatly reduce their use in the future. Of major importance are questions concerning their relatively slow rate of biodegradation and the possible toxicity of degradation intermediates, especially phenols and other aromatic species. In the United States and western Europe, many detergent manufacturers have voluntarily discontinued their use in household products. 

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