Food exports

Lists of permitted antioxidants and foods in which antioxidants may be used are presented in national directives dealing with additives and contaminants and in duty tariffs. They are published in the special bulletins issued by the Ministries, European Parliament, FDA or analogous institutions and are publicly available. Nowadays they are often published on the Internet. These national regulations must be respected in international trade. They can be used or misused in the restraints on food exports and imports. 

Schecter, A., Pavnuk, M., Malisch, R., Ryan, J.J., 2003. Are Vietnamese food exports contaminated with dioxin from Agent Orange J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 66, 1391-1404. 

The importance of U.S. tolerances stems from both the stringency of the scientific evaluation process upon which they are based and the important role of the U.S. in international food trade. Some countries actually defer to U.S. tolerances in lieu of their own legislation for export purposes (e.g., Costa Rica, Mexico). It is expected that U.S. tolerances will be highly influential in future development of MRL policy within the NAFTA countries, particularly as regional harmonization efforts may some day lead to a system of NAFTA MRLs. The FQPA-mandated tolerance reassessment process has resulted in many changes in U.S. tolerances, particularly the loss or reduction of tolerances for some older products, and these changes have the potential to impact use and food export practices in U.S. trading partners. 

A majority of ASEAN member countries are basically food exporters which rely on using agrochemicals to grow high-quality produce. The use of pesticides may result in residues on food and feed items. There were several reports on findings of pesticide residues in agricultural produce in the export countries residue levels were found in several commodities with wide variations in amoimts and types of pesticide. Detailed information revealed that pesticide residues in some commodities were found to be above Codex MRLs as illustrated in Table II. 

W. L. Chen (China Agric. Univ., China) stressed the importance of education and stewardship on the part of farmers in China and other Asian nations in achieving a high level of compliance for foods exported to Japan. H. W. Ewart (California Citrus Quality Council, USA) emphasized the difhculties faced by growers and exporters in complying with disharmonized MRL standards of various trading... 

Export industries argued that this development had little to do with incipient environmental philosophy among food exporters but rather was driven by twin factors lucrative new markets for organic produce, and increasing levels of difficulty in obtaining access in the highest value markets like the EU, USA and Japan ... 

Campbell, H. and Coombes, B. (1999a) Green protectionism and organic food exporting from New Zealand crisis experiments in the breakdown of Fordist trade and agricultural policies Rural Sociology 64 (2) 302-319. 

Campbell, H. and Fitzgerald, R. (2000) New Zealand s food exports in the 21 centuiy whither the Green option Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 60, 72-77. 

Henson, S., A.M. Brouder and W. Mitullah, 2000. Food safety requirements and food exports from developing countries The case of fish exports from Kenya to the European Union. American Journal of Agriculture Economics 82, 1159-1169. 

The two Swiss manufacturers produce salt at 15 ppm iodide. Salt both for household and food industry (meat, bakeries, instant food etc.) is iodized. The use of iodized salt is voluntary and food shops must carry both iodized salt and non-iodized salt. In 1989 92 % of household salt and 78 % of all salt for human consumption (household + food industry) was iodized. The share of iodized salt in food industry thus is lower than in households. The main reason is food export into countries which do not allow iodine to exceed given levels. The price for both iodized and non-iodized salt is kept the same. 

These days, developed countries such as the United States are food exporters, but if the domestic demand for agricultural feedstock increases (eg, for the biofuels production), food exports to food insecure countries can diminish (Nonhebel, 2014). 

Britain s food processing industry has grown partly because of growth in the demand for convenience foods, and partly because its work has helped to increase domestic production of food from under 60 per cent of home consumption in 1970 to about 80 per cent now, and to increase Britain s food exports. The value of Britain s exports of alcoholic beverages was nearly double that of corresponding imports in 1982. Over 80 per cent of the whisky produced - largely in Scotland - was exported, especially to the USA, Europe and Japan. British production of gin, vodka and soft drinks has increased... 

U.S. cropping is clearly a prime example of a land-rich agroecosystem that has the luxury of being able to produce mostly animal feed rather than food and still provide enormous nutritional reserves. Its applications of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers—not very high per average harvested hectare, but substantial for certain crops— have made it possible to provide diets unusually high in animal foods supply and to expand food exports to the extent unmatched by any other country. 

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