Consistency index values

Note N = number of taxa Chars. = alignable characters I = informative alignable characters % Inf. = percentage of informative alignable characters C.I. = consistency index value, calculated without autapomorphies R.I. = retention index value MPTs = most parsimonious trees from all identified tree islands (see Materials and Methods) Steps = steps in parsimonious trees Clades = clades resolved of those in the all-genes consensus tree value (Hillis, 1991). 

Because the compressibility index can be thought of as a measure of the likelihood of arch formation and the ease with which arches will fail [44], and because it can be rapidly completed, it appears to be a useful measure of flow. Obviously, exceptions will occur, and caution should be exercised in its interpretation. As we will dicuss, the compressibility index values reported in Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 4 are quite consistent with shear cell characterization. 

Here, K is sometimes referred to as the consistency index and has units that depend on the value of the power law index, n—for example, N-s"/m. The power law index is itself dimensionless. Typical values of K and n are listed in Table 4.4. In general, the power law index is independent of both temperature and concentration, although fluids tend to become more Newtonian (n approaches 1.0) as temperature increases and concentration decreases. The consistency factor, however, is more sensitive to temperature and concentration. To correct for temperature, the following relationship is often used ... 

As pointed out in Section I, viscosities are really meaningful if compared only for Newtonian fluids or at specified shear rates for other materials. A similar limitation must be imposed on the consistency indexes K and K values of either are comparable only for fluids with the same flow behavior indexes n or n . 

With these instruments the relationship between DAP/4L and 8 V/D is obtained directly. On a logarithmic plot of DAP/4L versus 8 V/D the slope of the curve at any point is equal to the flow-behavior index n extension of the tangent to the curve at this point to a value of 8V/D of unity gives the corresponding value of the consistency index K. ... 

Determine the values of the consistency index K, the flow behavior index n, and also the apparent viscosity at the shear rate of 50 s . ... 

The values of the consistency index K and the flow behavior index n of a dilatant fluid are 0.415 and 1.23, respectively. Estimate the value of the apparent viscosity of this fluid at a shear rate of 60 s T... 

The size consist of the analysis sample may influence the free-swelling index values of some coals. There is evidence that for many coals, an excess of fine coal (100 to 200 mesh) may cause FSI values to be as much as two index numbers high. The amount of fine coal in the analysis sample should be kept at a minimum for this test (and others). Reducing the coal from a large particle size to a small particle size in one step tends to produce a high concentration of fine coal. The reduction of coal samples should be done in an appropriate number of steps to avoid this. 

In many respects, the foundations and framework of the proposed risk-based hazardous waste classification system and the recommended approaches to implementation are intended to be neutral in regard to the degree of conservatism in protecting public health. With respect to calculations of risk or dose in the numerator of the risk index, important examples include (1) the recommendation that best estimates (MLEs) of probability coefficients for stochastic responses should be used for all substances that cause stochastic responses in classifying waste, rather than upper bounds (UCLs) as normally used in risk assessments for chemicals that induce stochastic effects, and (2) the recommended approach to estimating threshold doses of substances that induce deterministic effects in humans based on lower confidence limits of benchmark doses obtained from studies in humans or animals. Similarly, NCRP believes that the allowable (negligible or acceptable) risks or doses in the denominator of the risk index should be consistent with values used in health protection of the public in other routine exposure situations. NCRP does not believe that the allowable risks or doses assumed for purposes of waste classification should include margins of safety that are not applied in other situations. 

Sample balancing problem. Let us consider the multi-cavity injection molding process shown in Fig. 6.54. To achieve equal part quality, the filling time for all cavities must be balanced. For the case in question, we need to balance the cavities by solving for the runner radius R2. For a balanced runner system, the flow rates into all cavities must match. For a given flow rate Q, length L, and radius R, solve for the pressures at the runner system junctures. Assume an isothermal flow of a non-Newtonian shear thinning polymer. Compute the radius R2 for a part molded of polystyrene with a consistency index (m) of 2.8 x 104 Pa-s" and a power law index (n) of 0.28. Use values of L = 10 cm, R = 3 mm, and Q = 20 cm3/s. 

The rheological properties of pastes of emulsion PVC having k-values of 69,70 and 75 for coating fabrics were investigated using a coaxial viscometer and the influence of the content and type of plasticiser (dioctyl phthalate and dioctyl adipate) on these properties evaluated. Consistency index and power law index values for the various formulations were determined and the results obtained analysed statistically using shear stress as the variable for each paste. 14 refs. 

Cloud Point. An empirical cloud point analysis is performed by stirring a sample of fat while it is being cooled until the oil has clouded enough to block a light beam of known intensity. Both cloud point and congeal point values are more closely related to consistency than melting points. A definite relationship exists between the cloud point results and the solid fat index values at 92°F or 33.3°C. Cottonseed oil that has not been winterized or hydrogenated will have a cloud point of 30°F to 38°F or —1.1°C to 3.3°C. Winterized cottonseed salad oil, with the hard fraction removed, will have a cloud point of approximately 22°F to 26°F or —5.6°C to -3.3°C. 

An index value <9 is considered consistent with an intact barrier. Values of 9 to 14 are interpreted as slight impairment, 14 to 30 as moderate impairment, and >30 as severe impairment. 

It was observed that hydrodynamics plays an important role in circulation time (Table 1). The increase in flow velocity reduces t. It is important to note in Table 1 that both techniques resulted in similar values for for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Taking the tc obtained by the tracer method as reference, the difference with 4 by thermal method ranges from 11 to 25%. Table 1 shows that depends on flow properties as flow index reduces, increasing at the same time the consistence index, tc increases. 

We close this section hy observing that for S states, the first term of equation (28) is a correct description of the contributing part of T for systems with any number of particles, N. In that case, the i summation is from 1 to N, and the remaining summations are over all index values subject to the indicated restrictions and consistent with the system size. 

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