Computer Associates

More powerful computers. Associated with analytical instruments, computers have provided the latter with many new possibilities. 

There are about 37 computer programs available, and a full list of these with an analysis of their relative merits is given by the Construction Industry Computing Association, Cambridge, Evaluation Report No. 5. 

The El source has been the most widely used ion source over the past 60 years and continues to be the method of choice for the analysis (either qualitative or quantitative) of small- to medium-sized volatile organic compounds. The inherent reproducibility of the mass spectra has enabled the assembly of large spectral libraries. Computers associated with current generation instruments can efficiently (in a few seconds) search an unknown mass spectrum against tens of thousands of reference spectra in order to aid in the identification of an analyte. The general scheme of an El source includes the introduction of the vaporized analyte molecules into the ionization chamber, exposure of those molecules... 

Capex Corporation (aquired by Computer Associates in 1981) UV equipment, UV light sources... 

Analysis of extracts was performed on a gas chromatograph (GC) (5880A, Hewlett-Packard) equipped with an electron-capture detector (ECD) and a 30-m fused silica capillary column with an outer diameter of 0.25 mm and a film thickness of 0.25 xm (Durabond DB-5, J W Scientific). The internal standard method developed by Dunnivant and Elzerman (15) was used, except that that only one internal standard was used (Aldrin) to minimize run time on the gas chromatograph. Daily working standards were composed of 80% Aroclor 1016 and 20% Aroclor 1254. This ratio was chosen because it matches the Aroclor distribution found in the sediments by Polansky (13). Quantification and collation of data were done on microcomputers with a spreadsheet program (SuperCalc 4, Computer Associates International). 

Figure 2 Block diagram of central computer, associated peripherals and I/O.

To outline the computation associated with laser distillation we describe, for notational simplicity, the case where there is no p degeneracy (e.g., the asymmetric top). Computations below are, however, for the symmetric top, where the p degeneracy is added as noted later below. Consider the system initiated in a racemic mixture of L, M)s and D, M) of fixed 7. Here we have explicitly indicated the M quantum number of the ground state. In the first step, the system is excited with a laser pulse sequence as described above. In the second step, the system collisionally and radiatively relaxes so that all the population returns to the ground state to produce an incoherent mixture of L, M)s and Z), M)s. This pair of steps is then repeated until the populations of L, M) and D, M) reach convergence. 

Current Comparison Zero Test used Computed Associated Condition... 

Although not directly pertinent to detectors, the computer that handles the output from the detector should also provide other information in the analytical report. Today, most chromatographic systems, gas and liquid, have a dedicated computer associated with them which, as well as processing the information provided by the detector, will also control and record the operating conditions of the chromatograph. Temperatures, flow rates programs, etc., will be entered via the keyboard of the computer and the information stored for reporting purposes when required. 

C-Linda is distributed commercially by Scientific Computing Associates, New Haven, CT. 

Eor simulation of molecular recognition by BD to compute association rate constants and for the generation of the structures of diffusional encounter complexes, the following setup may be used. One solute, which usually is the larger one, is positioned... 

The large and fast computers associated with Fourier transform spectrometers allow for a series of precisely timed pulses and data accumulations to give a large data matrix that can be subjected to Fourier transformation in two dimensions to produce a two-dimensional nmr spectrum. 

A computer associated with an HPLC equipment may control the instrument or part of it, e.g., the photodiode array detector, or acquire data generated by the instrument, such as the peak area of analytes. 

IBM again led the way in software with 13 billion, well ahead of Microsoft with 10 billion. Then came Hitachi with 5.5 billion and Bujitsu 4.7 billion. The American leaders included Computer Associates with 3 billion, Oracle with 2 billion, and Novell with 1 billion. At the end of the twentieth century, the U.S. leaders and the Japanese challengers were sharing international markets. The European companies had all disappeared more than a decade earlier. 

Computer Associates has a series of products in the market that support expert system development and knowledge management. A remainder of the original Aion development is CleverPath Aion Business Rules Expert (BRE), which is an advanced... 

Computer Associates International, Inc., New York, CA Aion Business Rules Expert, http //www.ca.com. 

Informally, an ADT is a data type together with an associated collection of operations on the type. These operations are the only operations permitted for manipulation of objects of the type. Variables of the type record the state of the ADT, while the operations define the behaviour of the ADT. For instance, a matrix is an example of a type which is commonly used in quantum chemical computations. Associated operations could include constructing a matrix adding two matrices producing the inverse of a matrix and diagonalising a matrix to find its eigenvalues and eigenvectors. 

This error emerges at the replacement of all derivatives by finite differences both over the coordinates of space and time. However, its effect is especially noticeable in accounting for the influence of mass-transport. The truncation error as a result of computation associated with mass-transport is analogous to hydrodynamic dispersion and for this reason is often called numerical dispersion. It exists only in computation and is caused by the fact that the distance actually run over by water during the accepted time step At is not exactly equal to the accepted for computation step in distance of Ax. That is why at computation in cells (blocks), beside natural mixing associated with hydrodynamic dispersion D, appears also erroneous dispersion caused by the mismatch between the accepted value of the time step and the distance step. A result is that the final modeling results reflect not only hydrodynamic but also numerical dispersion, i.e., not D. but D + where the second addend is numerical dispersion coefficient. 

Many of the false matches are eliminated by the distance search. The co-ordinate data for each structure which passes the screen search are retrieved from a disk file, the exact interatomic distances are calculated, and then compared with the set of query distances to determine whether all of the latter are present within the structure. The co-ordinate data are very bulky, and require access to backing storage for each of the molecules involved in the distance search. In addition, there is the computation associated with the calculation of the distances and their subsequent comparison with the set of query distances thus the distance search is much more time-consuming than the screen search, despite the much smaller number of structures that needs to be processed. While the distance search permits the identification of those structures which contain the precise distances in the query specification, it does not involve consideration of the overall topography of the structures, which can only be established by the final geometric search (which is discussed in detail in a later section). 

Cosmo Player version 2.1 VRML plug-in (Computer Associates International, Islandia, NY, USA) 400 MHz Pentium II processor (Intel, Santa Clara, CA, USA) Choi et al. (2002)... 

E. Haapalainen, S. Kim, J. F. Forlizzi, and A. K. Dey, "Psycho-physiological measures for assessing cognitive load," Proc. 12th ACM Int. Conf Ubiquitous Comput., Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 301-310, September 2010. 

This low level of the NMR-active isotope of carbon makes it more difficult to obtain a suitable carbon nuclear magnetic resonance ( C NMR) spectrum. For example, whereas it is usually possible to measure a NMR spectrum in a few minutes, it may take tens of minutes or even hours to accumulate enough data to produce a NMR spectrum in which the signal-to-noise ratio is high enough for the resonances due to the carbon atoms to be seen. Nonetheless, modern spectrometers and the sophisticated computers associated with them allow acquisition of the data necessary for a NMR spectrum on samples of 1-5 mg, which is about an order of magnitude greater than the amount needed for a NMR spectrum. 

The two most important US cases on idea/expression and non-literal copying of computer programs are Whelan Associates v Jaslow [1987] FSR 1 and Computer Associates v Altai 23 USPQ 2d 1241 (1992). These are important in a European context for Article 1 of the Software Directive provides that ... 

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