Complexity of use

Developing an appreciation of the benefits, limitations, relative costs, and complexities of using QRA is a necessity for CPI managers. To equip the potential user of QRA with this basic understanding, this guide discusses three important aspects of QRA ... 

Given this cautionary note on the complexity of using drugs to induce d-ASCs, a few general things can be said about drug-induced states in terms of the systems approach. 

Obviously three or more stages could be used to achieve additional improvements in conversion. At some point the incremental increase in conversion cannot justify the increase in capital investment and operating complexity of using multiple vessels. 

As pointed out before when discussing structured models, physiological functions like the single cell growth rate r(m, S), cellular division rate T(m, S), and cell mass partition function p(m, m, S) are difficult to measure and this adds to the complexity of using the model. The mathematical complexity is also a limitation for optimization and control purposes that demand online measurements and calculations. 

Here, the energy exchanged with surroundings should be treated as one of the useful product exergies represented by exm, exn, or ex . The local net exergy loss refers to the complex of useful products containing a unit of the major product, and results from the following difference ... 

Reading the textbooks on chemical peels is very instructive, and the pictures of complications often reflect the complexity of using TCA-SAS correctly. Today s new TCA peel solutions have been developed with a view to convenience and safety. I can already hear reproaches from those who claim the contrary and are perfectly able to use TCA-SAS safely, but I can also hear the sobs and regrets of those who listened to them and whose patients have suffered for it. The simple aqueous solution of TCA was born in the 19th century it has had its day - let us move on ... 

The main alternative MS techniques currently used for analyzing PCBs at trace level are negative chemical ionization MS (NCI-MS) and high-resolution MS (HRMS). Usually, both techniques provide much higher sensitivity than EI-MS but the complexity of use and the high cost of purchase and maintenance restrict their use in routine analyses of PCBs. The recent introduction of improved bench-top MS for electron capture nagative ionization (ECNI) may increase the use of this technique. 

We end this section on the power method with a brief discussion of the computational complexity of using the Monte Carlo method for eigenvalue problems. In Monte Carlo computations one can distinguish operations of three levels of computational complexity, depending on whether the operations have to do with single particles or lattice sites, the whole system, or state space summation or integration. The first typically involves a fixed number of elementary arithmetic operations, whereas this number clearly is at least proportional to the system size in the second case. Exhaustive state-space summation grows exponentially in the total system size, and for these problems Monte Carlo is often the only viable option. 

The production engineering complexity of using one process technology for car panels and another for the tubular steel frame have been overcome for some American sports cars, but the majority of motor manufacturers prefer to continue to use steel throughout. The total production costs for sheet metal panels (tooling and materials) are smaller than for plastics for large volume production, but lower for RRIM and SMC plastics for lower production volumes. 

Several types of sidestream distillation columns have been considered in this chapter. The additional complexity of using sidestreams, with or without additional columns (strippers or rectihers), makes the design and control of these processes more difficult. 

To reduce the complexity of using P-Tref to obtain calibration curves. Pigeon and Rudin [33] proposed an alternative technique using A-Tref and a dual IR spectrometry detector. The dual IR system proposed allowed them to measure both concentration and branching frequency as a function of elution temperature. The cahbration curve obtained by on-line dual IR spectrometry in A-Tref is identical to the one from P-Tref (Fig. 17). This eliminates the need to perform P-Tref on every sample and provides a fuUy quantitative Tref analysis. 

Effective use of different types of products - or in this case, chemicals -requires different levels of interaction between suppliers and users. There is a spectrum of interaction intensity levels in the chemical industry and one s placement in this spectrum depends on the sophistication of the supplier, the user and the complexity of use of the product. 

All but the crudest molecular orbital calculations are done on computers and there is a necessary trade-off between the accuracy of the calculations and the expense in terms of computer time. In general, the more severe the approximations, the more limited is the range of applicability of the particular calculation. The organic chemist who wishes to make use of the results of molecular orbital calculations must therefore make a judgement about the applicability of the various methods to the particular problem. In general, the programs which are used for the calculations are available and the complexity of use tends to increase with the sophistication of the calculation. ... 

Although there are few studies on the use of NIV as a marker for the presence of CRF, there have been some informative studies on the use of LTOT that reflect the complexity of using LTOT to estimate the prevalence of disease. LTOT is most commonly prescribed for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with international guidelines guiding its use. (3,4) However, criteria used to prescribe LTOT still vary by regional and national health systems (5,7). For example, LTOT may be prescribed in patients in whom the Pao2 is more than or less than the value commonly derived from clinical trials (8). In one study, patients prescribed LTOT exceeded those actually receiving LTOT by as much as 30% (9). 

There has been limited application of bipolar membrane electrodialysis for protein separation at the commercial scale due to cost, complexity of use and lack of availability of... 

In a conventional LCD projector system, light throughput is limited by losses inherent in color separation using dichroic mirrors and multiple LCD panels. Color LCD projector systems suffer from the added complexity of using three LCD panels, one each for red, green, and blue images. For a three-panel full-color LCD projector system, it is estimated that only... 

Inorganic photorefractive crystals have typically been the choice for data storage recording media [32]. Their typically high thicknesses allow for storage of large amounts of information, and because their operation depends on generation of electric fields within the substrate, these materials can be erased and rewritten. Their cost and complexity of use, however, have limited their practical application. 

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