Tube voltage

The sensitivity curves are plots of maximum achieved sensitivity as a function of thickness of the object for a given focal spot size and source to detector distance. The best attainable sensitivity in image intensifier systems is a function of tube voltage, current, scattered radiation and the screen gamma. As a first step, stainless steel plates with thicknesses ranging from 5 mm-30 mm in steps of 5 mm were chosen. These plates had a length of 950 mm and width of 280 mm. The plate is positioned very close and at the center to the LI. tube. The extraneous... 

The maximum thickness of X-raying, measured with wire and groove [4] and achieved with a stationary X-ray unit RUP -150/300 for a tube voltage U=250 kV and current 1=1,5 mA was 40 mm for steel. 

The sensitivity of the luminescence IP s in the systems employed here decreases with increasing x-ray energy more strongly than in the case of x-ray film. Therefore, this phenomenon must be compensated by using thicker lead front and back screens. The specific contrast c,p [1,3] is an appropriate parameter for a comparison between IP s and film, since it may be measured independently of the spatial resolution. Since the absorption coefficient p remains roughly constant for constant tube voltage and the same material, it suffices to measure and compare the scatter ratio k. Fig. 2 shows k as a function of the front and back screen thickness for the IP s for 400 keV and different wall thicknesses. The corresponding measured scatter ratios for x-ray films with 0,1 mm front and back screens of lead are likewise shown. The equivalent value for the front and back screen thicknesses is found from the intersection of the curves for the IP s and the film value. 

The excitation of the analytical lines depends approximately on the square of the x-ray tube voltage (1.5) and is therefore very sensitive to the regulation of the high-voltage power supply. The performance of the other components of the x-ray spectrograph is not so sensitive to power supply regulation. It is usually convenient to regulate the entire power supply to the instrument because the x-ray tube is the major part of the load. 

XRD patterns were recorded with a Rigaku Rotalflex (RU-200B) X-ray diffractometer using Cu Ka radiation with a Ni filter. The tube current was 100 mA with a tube voltage of 40 kV. The 20 angular regions between 15 and 85° were explored at a scan rate of 5° min . The Pt (220) peak (64 to 72°) was scanned at 1° min to obtain... 

Tube Voltage (kVp) Apron Thickness (mm lead equivalent) ... 

Fig. 3. Continuous X-ray spectrum of tungsten (Z = 74) at various tube voltages...

Fig. 3.9. The effect of changes in the photomultiplier tube voltage and amplifier gain on the appearance of six signals with intensities in the relationship of 1 2 10 20 100 200 to each other. A Linear amplification. B Logarithmic amplification, (continued on next page)...

Radiation source Scan range (° 26) Step size (° 26) Tube voltage (kV) Current (mA) Type of analysis References... 

To examine the nanowires by X-ray diffraction (XRD) while they are still embedded in the membrane, tape the membrane to a glass microscope slide with the Ni deposition side facing upward. To examine a sample of liberated nanowires, suspend the nanowires in ethanol and place a few drops on a microscope slide. After the solvent evaporates, add a few more drops and repeat this process until there is a visible pile of nanowires on the slide. Our patterns were obtained using a Scintag PADV powder X-ray diffractometer with Cu K-a radiation, a tube voltage of 40 kV and a tube current of 35 mA. 

Further, several X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) methods have been reported to determine glimepiride form I in its crystalline form. In some researches conducted by Ammar et al. [20,22,23], source of XRPD radiation used was the Cu with scanning range 5-80° and 26 step size. Tube voltage... 

All x-ray tubes have a maximum power rating which cannot be exceeded without injury to the tube. This limit is fixed by the amount of heat that can be dissipated by the target and is usually stated by the manufacturer in terms of the maximum allowable tube current (in mA) for a given tube voltage (in kV). 

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