Comparison between Measurement and Simulation

It is clear from Fig. 16.57 that the conversions can be realized up to 90 % for small NTU of 3 in a liquid-sprayed fluidized bed. It also shows that the assumption of ideal plug flow of gas (PFTR) is more appropriate than the assumption of ideal mixing of the gas (CSTR). 

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The comparisons between measured and simulated data lead to the same conclusion as in case 2. The simulated data show more details on the curves, especially in the slot edges zones. This is linked most probably to the measured data resolution. 

The quality of atomistic packing models is typically validated via comparisons between measured and simulated properties like wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS)... 

Experiment 2. Comparison between measurement and simulation detail (127.65 Ah). 

A comparison between measured and simulated loads in both the axial and vertical directions shows that these were similar. Figure 42.14 indicates the vertical deflections as a function of internal pressure. Although there are some differences, agreement is reasonable. 

Figure 2 shows the comparison between measured and simulated values. The model generally shows a satisfactory capability in reproducing the measured values of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. But the calculated BOD values are not so appropriate to measured concentrations. Probably, it can be explained that some parameters of our model are constant, for example, nitrification, denitrification and mineralization rates. We are going to change it in further research. 

The electrodes are disposable plate ones which are suitable for this experiment. All data sets are captured from forearm muscle and force is recorded from the wrist of target. The sample rate of data sampling was 2000 hertz which is suitable for EMG signal. Sampling rate of force signal has been chosen the same to have a good and easy comparison between measured and simulated force signal. 

In this section a short description of a comparison between experimental and simulation results for heat transfer is illustrated (Nijemeisland and Dixon, 2001). The experimental set-up used was a single packed tube with a heated wall as shown in Fig. 8. The packed bed consisted of 44 one-inch diameter spheres. The column (single tube) in which they were packed had an inner diameter of two inches. The column consisted of two main parts. The bottom part was an unheated 6-inch packed nylon tube as a calming section, and the top part of the column was an 18-inch steam-heated section maintained at a constant wall temperature. The 44-sphere packed bed fills the entire calming section and part of the heated section leaving room above the packing for the thermocouple cross (Fig. 8) for measuring gas temperatures above the bed. 

Figure 6.4 Comparison between measured and estimated values for a pyrethroid pesticide in the air. A space aerosol product containing 0.45 g of rf-tetramethrin was uniformly sprayed for a total of 10s in a room (/, 3.6m w, 2.7m h, 2.4m) at an air-exchange rate of 1.55h . The concentrations of rf-tetramethrin in the air after spraying were measured (symbols) (Matoba et al., 1998a) and compared with those simulated by the MCCEM (-------) and InPest models (---------)...

A comparison between experimental and simulated concentration time-profiles for MCM3.1 and mechanisms including a conversion of NO2 to HONO on the measured aerosol surface for the toluene experiment shown in Figure 6 is shown in Figure 9. The rate of NO2 reaction on the aerosol was calculated as a function of time, assuming a constant reaction probability of 0.025. The total surface area of the aerosol is also shown and a sharp onset of particle formation was observed just after 11 00. At this point the simulations show a decrease in NO2 concentration and increase in HONO concentration. The OH concentration also increases rapidly, as evidenced by the increase in toluene loss rate. The peak ozone concentration is decreased and under-estimates the measured value. However, this underestimation is a result of the low reactivity in the early part of the simulation before aerosol formation takes place. If an OH source is introduced to reproduce the toluene loss in die first hour of the simulation the NOx and O3 concentrations agree well with the measurements, as shown in Figure 9. 

Much of the diflBculty with these comparisons results from apparent points of inflection in the experimental log (fca/ a ) vs. log (S/D) plots that occur within the approximate range 0.01 < (S/D) < 0.03. Further work is needed to permit more precise characterizations of the locations of these inflection points. The present authors are not aware of the existence of any previous high-precision falloff results measured within the above noted range for a chemically activated system. The sensitive region in which the discrepancies between measured and simulated... 

The comparison of the two hypoplastic models shows that the new advanced model, i.e., the model which takes into account the void ratio and the stress dependencies, is a convergent and rather effective approach for the simulation of silo discharge of bulk solid. The new density-dependent viscosity formulation improves the behaviour modeling of the bulk solid and is a suitable extension for the hypoplastic equation. In the near future, measurements of silo discharging flow are planed at the Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering of the Technical University in Braunschweig such that comparisons between measured and numerical results shall be possible. 

The comparison between measured data and simulated data are good for both real and imaginary parts. The measured signal has a low resolution due to the low interaction between the eddy current and the slot. 

The comparison between measured data and simulated data are good for the imaginary part, but differences appear for the real part. The ratio between simulated data and measured data is about 0.75 for TRIFOU calculation, and 1.33 for the specialised code. Those differences for the real part of the impedance signal can be explained because of the low magnitude of real part compared to imaginary part signal. 

Figure 3.13. Deformation process of a single droplet impinging on a flat surface (Re = 1600, We = 26.7) (a) simulation left), experiment right), and (b) comparison between calculated and measured dimensionless diameter and height ofa flattening droplet. (Photograph Courtesy of Prof. Dr. Jiro Senda at Doshisha University, Japan. Experimental data reprinted with permission from Ref. 334.)...

MD simulations provide a detailed insight in the behavior of molecular systems in both space and time, with ranges of up to nanometers and nanoseconds attainable for a system of the size of a CYP enzyme in solution. However, MD simulations are based on empirical molecular mechanics (MM) force field descriptions of interactions in the system, and therefore depend directly on the quality of the force field parameters (92). Commonly used MD programs for CYPs are AMBER (93), CHARMM (94), GROMOS (95), and GROMACS (96), and results seem to be comparable between methods (also listed in Table 2). For validation, direct comparisons between measured parameters and parameters calculated from MD simulations are possible, e.g., for fluorescence (97) and NMR (cross-relaxation) (98,99). In many applications where previously only energy minimization would be applied, it is now common to perform one or several MD simulations, as Ludemann et al. and Winn et al. (100-102) performed in studies of substrate entrance and product exit. 

Figure 9.9 shows a comparison of the simulated and measured gas-phase concentrations of NO and NO2 throughout the whole absorption plant. The zigzag form of the simulated concentration profiles results from switching different sections of each single column (see Ref. [35]). Good agreement between experimental and simulation results can be definitely observed here. 

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