Comparative analyses

Anumber of defects with manual inspection indications clarified by AUGUR 4.2 records have been accepted for further operation in 1996 with prescription of next year AUGUR 4 2 inspection. Based on two consecutive inspections (1996-97 years) comparative analysis of AUGUR 4.2 data was executed. It was shown that the flaw configurations, reproduced by AUGUR 4.2 are stable and the small differences are conditioned only by system thresholds of linear coordinate and signal amplitude as well as variations in local conditions of in-site inspection. 

The results of the comparative analysis in terms of changes in flaw length and maximum height are shown in Fig. 3. As can be seen the flaw parameters are stable, and the height maximum increase (2 mm) correlates with the AUGUR4.2 precision of linear measurements. 

Often repair of the found defects is extremely undesirable. Therefore, for discontinuities which are potentially hazardous, it is very important to have a onfirmation of their stability. In this case monitoring of potentially hazardous discontinuities is well supported by automated UT systems and based on the comparative analysis results, the actual data from examination of a section of the welded joint of a (hydrogen) separator are given in Figures 5,6. 

When a comparative analysis of the headspace volatiles of living and picked osmanthus flowers was performed by the dynamic headspace trapping method using Tenax GC, even more dramatic differences were observed, shown in Table 20 (60). 

Table 31. Comparative Analysis of Cassia Leaf Volatiles ...

Table 46. Comparative Analysis of the Components of Various Nutmeg Oils ...

Pimento Berry Oil. The pimento or allspice tree, Pimenta dioca L. (syn. P. officinalis, Liadl.), a native of the West Indies and Central America, yields two essential oils of commercial importance pimento berry oil and pimenta leaf oil. The leaf oil finds some use ia perfumery for its resemblance to clove leaf and cinnamon leaf oils as a result of its high content of eugenol. Pimento berry oil is an item of commerce with extensive appHcation by the flavor industry ia food products such as meat sauces, sausages, and pickles, and moderate use ia perfumery, where it is used primarily as a modifier ia the modem spicy types of men s fragrances. The oil is steam-distilled from dried, cmshed, fully grown but unripe fmits. It is a pale yellow Hquid with a warm-spicy, sweet odor with a fresh, clean topnote, a tenacious, sweet-balsamic-spicy body, and a tea-like undertone. A comparative analysis of the headspace volatiles of ripe pimento berries and a commercial oil has been performed and differences are shown ia Table 52 (95). 

Table 53. Comparative Analysis of Headspace Volatiles of Living and Picked Rosemary and a Commercial Oil ...

SO2 and NO Emissions ControlFechnology Comparative Analysis of Options, SPA Pacific Inc., Mountain View, Calif., Sept. 1991, pp. 4.1—4.8. 

P Briffeuil, G Baudoux, C Lambert, X De Bolle, C Vmals, E Feytmans, E Depiereux. Comparative analysis of seven multiple protein sequence alignment servers Clues to enhance reliability of predictions. Biomformatics 14 357-366, 1998. 

Forster, H. 1993. Comparative Analysis of Test Protocols for Flame Arresters. Proe. Mariehem 93 Conf., Session 8, Paper 1, November 30-December 2, 1993, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 

The high diffusivity and low viscosity of sub- and supercritical fluids make them particularly attractive eluents for enantiomeric separations. Mourier et al. first exploited sub- and supercritical eluents for the separation of phosphine oxides on a brush-type chiral stationary phase [28]. They compared analysis time and resolution per unit time for separations performed by LC and SFC. Although selectivity (a) was comparable in LC and SFC for the compounds studied, resolution was consistently... 

The quantitative assessment of the degree of crystallite orientation by x-ray examination is not free of ambiguity. From a comparative analysis [23] in which results obtained from the consideration of (105) and from three different variations of equatorial reflection were compared, the conclusion was that the first procedure can lead to underrated results, i.e., to the underestimation of the orientation. However, it can be assumed that this does not result from an incorrect procedure, but from ignoring the fact that the adjacent (105) reflex can overlap. The absence of the plate effect of the orientation is characteristic of the orientation of crystallites in PET fibers. The evidence of this absence is the nearly identical azimuthal intensity distributions of the diffracted radiation in the reflexes originating from different families of lattice planes. The lack of the plate effect of orientation in the case of PET fiber stretching has to do with the rod mechanism of the crystallite orientation. 

Present in the next sections are the LDA results for equilibrium structure, pressure-induced transitions and electronic properties of various polymorphs, and the comparative analysis of the results for rutile and anatase that were obtained using LDA and GGA forms of the exchange-correlation potential. 

Dai mstadter, J. (1977). How Industrial Societies Use Energy A Comparative Analysis. Baltimore, MD Johns Hopkins University Press. 

Techniques used in vibration analysis are trending, both broadband and narrowband comparative analysis and signature analysis. 

Comparative analysis directly compares two or more data sets in order to detect changes in the operating condition of mechanical or process systems. This type of analysis is limited to the direct comparison of the time-domain or frequency-domain signature generated by a machine. The method does not determine the actual dynamics of the system. Typically, the following data are used for this purpose (1) baseline data, (2) known machine condition, or (3) industrial reference data. 

When using this type of comparative analysis, the analyst compares the vibration energy and profile from a suspect machine to that of a machine with known operating condition. For example, the suspect machine can be compared to the baseline reference taken from a similar machine within the plant. Or, a machine profile with a known defect. 

One form of comparative analysis is direct comparison of the acquired data to industrial standards or reference values. The International Standards Organization (ISO) established the vibration severity standards presented in Table 43.2. These data are applicable for comparison with filtered narrowband data taken from machine-trains with true running speeds between 600 and 12,000 rpm. The values from the table include all vibration energy between a lower limit of 0.3x true running speed and an upper limit of 3.0X. For example, an 1800-rpm machine would have a filtered narrowband between 540 (1800 x 0.3) and 5400rpm (1800 x 3.0). A 3600-rpm machine would have a filtered narrowband between 1,080 (3600 x 0.3) and 10,800rpm (3600 x 3.0). 

Rate of change is the most often used trend analysis. Since most of the microprocessor-based systems provide the ability to automatically display broadband and narrowband data trends, analysts tend to rely on this means of comparative analysis. 

Most vibration-based predictive maintenance programs use some form of signature analysis in their program. However, the majority of these programs rely on comparative analysis rather than full root-cause techniques. This... 

Further increase of the temperature leads to the appearance of a strong band at 605 cm 1 (see Fig. 74, curve 3) along with the band at -540 cm 1, which remains unchanged. Comparative analysis of the spectra shows that the above bands refer to the vibrations of the complex ions TaF6 and TaF72, respectively. 

Table 66 presents a comparative analysis of different methods for the production of tantalum and niobium oxides. 

Table 66. Comparative analysis of different possible methods of the production of tantalum and niobium oxide powders from strip solutions.

Sobhan CB, Garimella SV (2001) A comparative analysis of studies on heat transfer and fluid flow in micro-channels. Microscale Thermophys Eng 5 293-311 Steinke M, Kandlikar SG (2003) Flow boiling and pressure drop in parallel flow micro-channels. In Kandlikar SG (ed) Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Micro-channels and Mini-channels, Rochester, 24-25 April 2003, pp 567-579 Thome JR (2006) State-of-the-art overview of boiling and two-phase flows in microchannels. Heat Transfer Eng 27(9) 4-19... 

Sobhan CB, Gaiimella SV (2001) A comparative analysis of studies on heat transfer and fluid flow in micro-channels. Microscale Thermophys Eng 5 293-311 Tuckerman D (1984) Heat transfer micro structure for integrated circuits. Dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford... 

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