Resource diversion

Resource Diversion. First in the negative area is resource diversion or the diverting of facilities, costs and personnel from their characteristic functions toward some compliance effort. One of the reasons that quantification of impacts associated with TSCA is difficult, is that the... 

Where in a product s life a regulation such as TSCA is imposed becomes important in terms of resource diversion. Ideally, imposition of Premanufacture Notification after scale-up and successful line trials would necessitate filing notifications only for those products that actually become commercial. In the usually compressed Coatings and Resins lifeline, this is not always, and in fact very seldom, possible. 

Chemical manufacturers submitted 1,031 Premanufacture Notifications in 1980 and 1981. In the same time period, they submitted 290 notifications of commencement of commercial manufacture. In other words, only 28)1 of the substances for which Premanufacturing notices were filed in the past two years of compliance have become commercial. Specifically, for the reactive polymer segment, about 29% of the reported substances have become commercial. These percentages indicate that much of what has constituted the impacts of TSCA has been "protective" filing of notifications. The length and complexity of the process mandated by TSCA has led to unnecessary resource diversion. A more liberal definition of what constitutes a commercial event could have significantly increased the percentages and reduced this type of impact, at least since July, 1979. 

Uncertainty is a factor in all of the impacts associated with TSCA. It was seen that it is a source of unnecessary resource diversion and toxicological testing. How much of a factor it becomes is a matter for debate. It can be said that for an industry such as coatings polymers, it is related to the company s commitment to safe and healthful products in the absence of TSCA. The more of a safety and health commitment that existed pre-TSCA, in that innovation was strongly linked to such concerns, the less uncertainty is going to be a significant impact. 

Castor is the only renewable vegetable oil resource (see Chemurgy) having a hydroxyl group stmcture and functionaHty that leads to diverse oleochemicals. In 1988, approximately 35,000 t/yr of castor oil were used to prepare raw materials for the manufacture of nylon-11. It is estimated that 40,000—45,000 t of... 

As background, Garrod and Whitmarsh describe market failure with respect to protecting the marine environment. Particular difficulties arise because of the diverse and perhaps conflicting exploitation of the sea and its resources. Thus, pollutants may be released into the marine environment by one sector or industry... 

Damage any reduction in the intended use or value of a biological or physical resource. For example, economic production, ecological structure or function, aesthetic value, or biological or genetic diversity that may be altered by a pollutant. 

The layers of protection are expensive to build and maintain throughout the life of the process. Factors include initial capital expense, operating costs, safety training cost, maintenance cost, and diversion of scarce and valuable technical resources into maintenance and operation of the layers of protection. 

The diversity and the effectiveness of the means for coping with deviations from proportionality attest the great interest in x-ray emission spectrography and the resourcefulness of the analytical chemist. Only representative references can be cited. The methods used to ensure reliable results in the face of the three classes of deviations are described briefly below. The obvious measure of separating the element to be determined from the matrix is omitted. 

Xylan-type polysaccharides are the main hemicellulose components of secondary cell walls constituting about 20-30% of the biomass of dicotyl plants (hardwoods and herbaceous plants). In some tissues of monocotyl plants (grasses and cereals) xylans occur up to 50% [6j. Xylans are thus available in huge and replenishable amoimts as by-products from forestry, the agriculture, wood, and pulp and paper industries. Nowadays, xylans of some seaweed represent a novel biopolymer resource [4j. The diversity and complexity of xylans suggest that many useful by-products can be potentially produced and, therefore, these polysaccharides are considered as possible biopolymer raw materials for various exploitations. As a renewable resource, xylans are... 

Repeated splitting of lineages of organisms into separate species has resulted in the great richness and diversity of life that lived in the past and is found on Earth today. Earth would be very different if speciation had been a rare event during the life s history. Biogeochemical cycles are influenced by millions of species, each adapted to live under a particular range of conditions and to use environmental resources in a particular way. 

Loden, M. and Rosener, J. B. (1991). Workforce America Managing Employee Diversity as a Vital Resource. Business One Irwin. 

Nevertheless, the response of water resources will be more complex, as human activities will also change in response to altered climates. The intensity of the pressure put on water resources and aquatic ecosystems by external drivers is related to higher economic income (e.g. expressed by electricity production and consumption) of human societies [5]. The limitation of resources can be qualified by a diversity of terms, varying somewhat in intensity drought, temporality, and... 

Disturbances that increase water scarcity promote the physical uniformity of river systems and the decrease of biological diversity in streams and rivers. The structure and functioning of heavily impacted river systems become mutually and strikingly similar, irrespective of the river s origin and the climate. The more intense and persistent the disturbance, the greater is the resemblance. On the other hand, river organisms use resources most efficiently in spatially heterogeneous chaimels, and under moderate disturbance frequencies, rather than in steady conditions, to which they are not adapted. 

Hamrick, J. L. and Godt, M. J. W. 1989. Allozyme diversity in plant species. Pages 43-63 in A. H. D. Brown, M. T. Clegg, A. L. Kahler and B. S. Weir (eds.) Plant Population Genetics, Breeding and Germplasm Resources. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA. 

When nonrenewable mineral resources are processed for metal extraction and the metals extracted are utilized in various ways and in diverse forms, they become potentially available for reclamation and recycling. Recycled metals produced by the extraction and refining of metallic wastes are known as secondary metals, whereas metals produced from primary ores are termed primary metals. A classification of recyclable metalliferous resources such... 

---