Quantitative chemistry

Because the ratios of atoms of different elements are so important in chemistry, we need to know how to determine the numbers of the different types of atoms, ions, or molecules present in a sample. Knowing the types of atoms is fundamental to qualitative chemistry—understanding the properties of substances, for instance. Knowing the numbers of atoms is fundamental to quantitative chemistry—the calculation of the values of these properties. 

Chemical analysis is an indispensable servant of modern technology whilst it partly depends on that modem technology for its operation. The two have in fact developed hand in hand. From the earliest days of quantitative chemistry in the latter part of the eighteenth century, chemical analysis has provided an important basis for chemical development. For example, the combustion studies of La Voisier and the atomic theory proposed by Dalton had their bases in quantitative analytical evidence. The transistor... 

The chemical laboratory became a locus for a quantitative chemistry. In the mid-eighteenth century, Venel had called for a new Paracelsus, who would put chemistry at the side of "la Physique calculee."73 While Lavoisier aspired to make chemistry a discipline as logically systematic as geometry,74 his success lay in introducing precise numbers into the chemical laboratory.75 Thus, Lavoisier, a close collaborator with the mathematician and experimentalist Laplace, was confident that chemistry could attain "results as certain as one can hope for in physics"76 and that in the future its subject matter could be expressed algebraically.77... 

However, the theory was too useful to ignore. Even skeptical chemists used it because they realized that it was needed if they were to do quantitative chemistry. Many provisionally accepted the idea that matter behaved as if it were composed of atoms. Some prominent scientists, such as the German chemist Wilhelm Ostwald and the Austrian physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach, continued to adhere to this view into the twentieth century. 

The young scientific discipline Chemometrics has rapidly developed in the past two decades. This enormous increase was initiated by advances in intelligent instruments and laboratory automation as well as by the possibility of using powerful computers and user-friendly software. So, chemometrics became a tool in all parts of quantitative chemistry, but particularly in the field of analytical chemistry. Nowadays, the analyst is increasingly faced with the need to use mathematical and statistical methods in his daily work. 

W. A. Smeaton, Torbem Olof Bergman, from natural history to quantitative chemistry , Endeavour, 1984, NS 8, 71-74. 

Stoichiometry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the amounts of products produced from certain amounts of reactants. Most of the chemistry discussed so far in this book has dealt with what is present (qualitative chemistry). The next step is to examine how much is present (quantitative chemistry). You may want to refer to Appendix 1, Mathematical Skills Review, in the back of this book. 

Especially the phosphorus oxides are classics of inorganic chemistry and have gained considerable relevance for basic research and industrial chemistry as well. Single representatives of the title compounds have been mentioned already in the early times of quantitative chemistry, e.g., P4O10 and P406 in 1816 (2). At the turn of the last century, some fundamental work on their synthesis and constitution had been... 

Wildeman, T. R. Mineral Acidity, APP, ANP, NNP The Stoichiometry and Quantitative Chemistry of Acid Rock Drainage Explained, 214th Am. Chem. Soc. Nat. Meet., Chem. Ed. Division Paper 006. Las Vegas, NV, Sept. 7-11, 1997. 

The news confused and disheartened him, but Linus had no intention of quitting college, even if he had to delay graduation by a year. The interruption turned out better than he could have imagined, however. Learning of his problem, his chemistry professors at OAC offered him a year s contract to teach quantitative chemistry, a course to introduce students to general principles and laboratory tech-... 

In the past 25 years archaeological chemistry has developed with greater acceleration than ever before. New, more sophisticated equipments became available to handle special problems. Practically every type of quantitative chemistry has been applied to the problems of archaeological chemistry. We hope that this trend will continue to grow. 

Introductory Quantitative Chemistry Axel R. Olson Charles W. Koch and George C. Pimentel... 

Several measures are used to specify the composition of a solution. Mass percentage (colloquially called weight percentage), frequently used in everyday applications, is defined as the percentage by mass of a given substance in the solution. In quantitative chemistry, the most useful measures of composition are mole fraction, molarity, and molality. 

In clinical chemistry, the closely controlled reaction conditions of quantitative inorganic and organic chemistry cannot always be obtained, since estimations have to be performed on complex mixtures. This means that both simple aqueous and protein-containing standards have to be considered, and the criteria adopted when choosing a standard for use in clinical chemistry may be unable to meet the criteria of primary standards used in other branches of quantitative chemistry. For some determinations, the accuracy of a method cannot be established at present since pure materials for standardization are not yet available the best examples of such methods are provided by determinations of enzyme activity in serum, but suitable control preparations exist for monitoring the precision of these assays (e.g., H8). 

Much significant work in archaeological chemistry has been done in the last 50 years. A multitude of new ideas, instruments, and procedures have been added to the tool chest of what is now called archaeological chemistry. The evolution of both methodology and instrumentation in quantitative chemistry has permitted more detailed descriptions of the composition of a variety of materials - geological,... 

The application of the principles of Artificial Intelligence has been proposed by Diercksen to build an Expert System in Quantitative Chemistry (1). One of Diercksen s primary goals for such a system is to ... 

Borthwick PW, Patrick JM. 1982. Use of aquatic toxicology and quantitative chemistry to estimate environmental deactivation of marine-grade creosote in seawater. Environ Toxicol Chem 1 281-288. 

As a molar concentration where the concentration is given as number of mol in a 1 dm volume of solution. This is the usual dehnition, and is used in many aspects of quantitative chemistry. It is the quantity used throughout this book. Here ionic strengths are also molar quantities and mean ionic activity coefficients are thus based on molar quantities. 

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