Colonists

Ironmaking in the United States did not expand rapidly until after the Revolutionary War. Then, as the colonists moved westward, the need for iron prompted the estabUshment of ironworks near the new settiements. A blast furnace built by Jacob Anschut2 in 1796 was the beginning of the iron and steel center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 

The colonists are said to have practiced distillation before 1650. The Virginia setders made brandies and those in New England and the middle colonies distilled a variety of products including apple whiskey (apple jack), mm, and brandy. The first beverages made by the colonists from com and rye were distilled on Staten Island, New York, in 1640 by William Kieft. Rum was produced in Barbados from molasses around 1650 and in colonial Massachusetts in 1657. 

Juglone [481-39-0] (Cl Natural Brown 7 Cl 75500) was isolated from the husks of walnuts in 1856 (50). Juglone belongs to the Juglandaceae family of which there are a number of species Jug/ans cinerea (butter nuts), J. regia (Persian walnuts), and J. nigra (black walnuts). Persian walnuts were known to the ancient Romans who brought them over from Asia Minor to Europe. As early as 1664, the American colonists knew how to extract the brown dye from the nuts of the black walnut and butternut trees, both native to eastern North America (51). 

Attempts have been made to cultivate ihe lang-ylaug tree in. maui, by the Germau colonists ther-ybuc from a commercial point cE view tho experiments were unsuccessful. 

To reward Thompson, in 1773 Wentworth commissioned him a major in the New Hampshire militia. There Thompson acted as an informant for the British, so arousing the rancor of his fellow colonists that they planned to tar and feather him. He quietly departed for Boston, leaving his wife and baby daughter behind. He never saw his wife again, and only saw his daughter briefly many years later when he was living in France. 

Patrick Henry is considered one of the great patriots of America s early history. He was a leader in every protest against British tyranny and in every movement for colonial rights, openly speaking against the unfair taxation and overly burdensome regulations imposed upon the American colonists by the British Parliament. 

Once in Plymouth Colony, Billington s behavior did not improve. He refused to serve any form of military duty under the leadership of Miles Standish, a duty that was seen by the colonists as part of every man s responsibilities in the New World. He was later implicated in a plot to overthrow the entire leadership of Plymouth... 

Cronon, William. (1983). Changes in the land Indians, colonists, and the ecology of New England, New York Hill and Wang. 

Plant extracts Some plant extracts may have anti-cancer activity, such as epipodo phyllotoxins from the May apple plant (mandrake plant). They were used by the American Indians and the early colonists against infection by helminths. 

At about the time the militia and the right to bear arms were becoming less important to many English people, they became essential for the colonists who... 

The rival French colonists, too, posed a military threat to the British colonies until they were defeated by a combination of British and colonial volunteer forces in the French and Indian War of 1754—63. The British government did not want to undertake the expense of maintaining and supplying large numbers of professional soldiers on a frontier 3,000 miles away. The colonists would have to take primary responsibility for their own defense. They naturally adopted and refined the historical model of the militia to the needs of a very different society. 

Following the end of the French and Indian War, disputes over the taxation and treatment of the colonists as well as their political rights eventually boiled over into revolution. In 1777, British colonial undersecretary William Knox proposed that to forestall rebellion. 

Permanent British settlement in America begins. The colonists use firearms daily for hunting as well as in ongoing conflicts with Native Americans and French colonists. 

Philosopher Algernon Sidney in his book Discourses Concerning Government states that the body of the People is the Public defense, and every man is armed and disciplined. American colonists soon put the idea in practice in the form of local militias. 

Herman Boerhaave (1668—1738) said in his New Method of Chemistry that Iron mines are common in most countries of Europe Norway, Poland, Germany, France, England, c. abound with them only America, which is so plentiful in gold and silver mines, has none of iron and accordingly, the natives prefer a metal of so much use infinitely beyond their own treasures (185). Although the Indians, as Boerhaave stated, did not know how to reduce iron ores, the New England colonists worked the bog iron ore of the Saugus River near Lynn, Massachusetts, as early as 1643 (186). 

When the Treaty of Fontainebleau gave Spain authority over Louisiana, Charles III in 1765 ordered Don Antonio to take possession. When he arrived at New Orleans in a heavy storm, the colonists gave him a respectful, but cold and somber, greeting (59). In his History of Louisiana, Albert Phelps explained He was cold, reserved, and proud, but the source of his dignity—his reputation as a man of learning and science—was all unknown to Louisiana, and therefore his assumption of authority, unsupported by any appearance, was taken to be mere... 

The 16th century onwards saw the countries of Europe develop widespread political and commercial interests in the rest of the world and the European colonists and missionaries took with them their common crops which came to include potatoes (Burton, 1989). By the late... 

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