Anti-cancer activity

Chitosan nanoparticles have also been formulated and evaluated for their anti-cancer potential. It has been reported that the smaller the particle size and higher the positive surface charge, the better its anti-cancer activity is. It showcases its action mainly by disruption of the membrane and induction of apoptosis [44]. The immunostimulatory potential of chitosan is also believed to be one of the factors alleviating its anti-cancer activity [45]. Chitosan nanoparticles have also been used as a drug carrier for delivery of anti-cancer drugs such as doxorubicin, paclitaxel, docetaxel and norcantharidin [46]. 

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Graft-versus-tumor effect Cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the donor stem cells have anti-cancer activity. 

Pancratium littorale Jacq., native to Hawaii, which exhibits anti-cancer activity. 

An antimetabolite interferes with the normal cellular metabolites. For instance, it can act as an inhibitor of one or more enzymes whose substrates are metabolites. Others are incorporated into macromolecules instead of the metabolites. Development of antimetabolites exhibiting anti-cancer activity met with the greatest success for analogues of metabolites involved in the biosynthesis of nucleic acids and of cofactors containing nitrogenous bases. Compounds such as 5-fluorouracyl and methotrexate are remarkably effective against human cancers, even though they feature host toxicity. 

Ellerby HM, Arap W, Ellerby LM et al. Anti-cancer activity of targeted pro-apop-totic peptides. Nature Med 1999 5 1032-1038. 

Wang, W., Zhao, Z.-J., Rayburn, E. R., HiU, D. L., Wang, H., and Zhang, R. (2007). In vitro anti-cancer activity and structure-activity relationships of natural products isolated from fruits of Panax ginseng. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 59,589-601. 

Anti-cancer Agent Mechanism Database http //dtp.nci.nih.gov/docs/cancer/searches/ standard mechanism.html Compounds with anti-cancer activity... 

By contrast, other compounds in food may decrease cancer risk (Table 21.7). Free radical scavengers such as the antioxidants, vitamins E and C, carotenoids and fla-venoids have anti-cancer activity, while vitamins A and D and other retinoids may encourage a cell to differentiate rather than proliferate (Box 21.4). Plant oestrogens in soya prodncts may be protective since they compete with human oestrogens for the oestrogen receptors in breast and ovary bnt elicit no response. 

Plant extracts Some plant extracts may have anti-cancer activity, such as epipodo phyllotoxins from the May apple plant (mandrake plant). They were used by the American Indians and the early colonists against infection by helminths. 

Oh S, Kim BJ, Singh NP, Lai H, Sasaki T. (2009) Synthesis and anti-cancer activity of covalent conjugates of artemisinin and a transferring-receptor targeting peptide. Cancer Lett 274 33-39. 

Massa S, Franconi R, Brandi R, Muller A, Mett V, Yusibov V, Venuti A. (2007) Anti-cancer activity of plant-produced HPV16 E7 vaccine. Vaccine 25 3018-3021. 

Batrakova EV, Dorodnych TY, Klinskh EY, Kliushnenkova EN, Shemchukova OB, Goncharova ON, Arjakov SA, Alakhov VY, Kabanov AV. Anthracycline antibiotics non-covalently incorporated into block copolymer micelles in vivo evaluation of anti-cancer activity. Br J Cancer 1996 74 1545-1552. 

Meanwhile, the biological activities of the isolated compounds were studied extensively. Some were found to have obvious biological activities. For example, cardiac glycosides showed obvious anti-cancer activity and bartogenic acid can inhibit the activity of a-glycosidase and amylase... 

Within the natural products field, the investigation of complete biosynthetic pathways at the enzyme level has been especially successful for plant alkaloids of the monoterpenoid indole alkaloid family generated from the monoterpene gluco-side secologanin and decarboxylation product of tryptophan, tryptamine [3-5]. The most comprehensive enzymatic data are now available for the alkaloids ajmalicine (raubasine) from Catharanthus roseus, and for ajmaline from Indian Rauvolfia serpentina [6] the latter alkaloid with a six-membered ring system bearing nine chiral carbon atoms. Entymatic data exsist also for vindoline, the vincaleucoblastin (VLB) precursor for which some studies on enzymatic coupling of vindoline and catharanthine exist in order to get the so-called dimeric Catharanthus indole-alkaloids VLB or vincristine [7-9] with pronounced anti-cancer activity [10, 11]. 

The 1.2.3.4-tetrahydroisoquinoline skeleton represents the framework found in many isoquinoline alkaloid derivatives and not only from plants. Some derivatives attracted much interest because of their anti-cancer activity [124], which has prompted many groups to invest in their chemical synthesis. The Pictet-Spengler reaction has become an important method in the preparation of this alkaloid type, and has often been described with phenylalanine derivatives and pyruvates as starting materials. Synthesis of appropriate tetrahydroisoquinoline-3 and the corresponding tetrahydroisoquinoline-1-carboxylic acid has been the key target [125]. 

Interest in potential anti-cancer activity has led to the preparation of a Pd-S-methyl-L-cysteine complex which analysed as [Pd3(SMCH)2Cl6].61 Its i.r. and visible spectra and conductivity are consistent with a chloro-bridged cation (19). On the other hand, the ethyl cysteinate complex of Pd, prepared according to equation... 

Mooney A, Corry AJ, O Sullivan D, Rai DK, Kenny PTM (2009) The synthesis, structural characterization and in vitro anti-cancer activity of novel N-(3-ferrocenyl-2-naphthoyl) dipeptide ethyl esters and novel N-(6-ferrocenyl-2-naphthoyl) dipeptide ethyl esters. J Organomet Chem 694 886-894... 

The example we will consider in this section is the construction of the enantiomers of the anti-cancer active complex [PtCl2(tra s-chxn)] and its geometric isomer [PtCl2(cz s -chxn)] (chxn = cyclohexane-1,2-diamine). 

Ali, S. Ahmad, L Peters, A. Masters, G. Minchey, S. Janoff, A. Mayhew, E. Hydrolyzable hydrophobic taxances synthesis and anti-cancer activities. Anti-Cancer... 

A simple way to control transcription would be acetylation-deacetylation reactions carried out by the transcription factors themselves. Transcriptional regulators with histone acetylation-deacetylation activities have been identified. For example, the transcriptional repression and anti-cancer activity of a human DNA-binding protein (Sin3) has been ascribed to its histone deacetylase acnvity. ... 

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