Colon cancer factors

Stein U, Arlt F, Walther W et al (2006) The metastasis-associated gene S100A4 is a novel target of p-catenin/ T-cell factor signaling in colon cancer. Gastroenterology 131 1486-1500... 

Diets high in red meat and low in green vegetables have been associated with increased colon cancer risk and the opposite has been postulated for diets rich in green vegetables. A plausible explanation for an increased colon cancer risk is that dietary haem is metabolized in the gut to a factor that increases colonic cytotoxicity and hyperproliferation, which are considered important risk factors in the development of cancer. In this sense, it has been shown that spinach and isolated natural chlorophyll, but not sodium-copper chlorophyUin, prevented the proliferation of colonic cells and may therefore reduce colon cancer risk. It has been speculated that haem and chlorophylls, due to their hydrophobicity, form a complex, thus preventing the metabolism of haem. ... 

Describe the treatment options for colon cancer based on patient-specific factors, such as stage of disease, age of patient, and previous treatment received. 

O Although there are numerous risk factors for developing colon cancer, age is the biggest risk factor. 

Colon cancer occurs at a much higher rate in industrialized parts of the world such as North America and Europe, whereas the lowest rates are seen in less-developed areas, suggesting that environmental and dietary factors influence the development of colon cancer.2 In addition to these environmental factors, colon cancers are known to develop more frequently in certain families, and genetic predisposition to this cancer is well known. 

What risk factors does GW have for colon cancer ... 

Besides age, the development of colorectal cancer appears to be caused by variety of dietary or environmental factors, comor-bid disease states, and genetic susceptibility to the disease. Table 88-1 lists well-known risk factors for developing colon cancer. Epidemiologic studies of worldwide incidence of colorectal... 

In summary, the true association between most dietary factors and the risk of colon cancer is unclear. The protective effects of fiber, calcium, and a diet low in fat are not completely known. Lifestyle factors such as NSAID use and hormone use appear to decrease the risk of colorectal cancer, whereas physical inactivity, alcohol use, and smoking appear to increase the risk of colon cancer. Clinical risk factors and genetic mutations are well-known risks for colon cancer. 

Giovannucci E. Modifiable risk factors for colon cancer. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2002 31 925-943. 

The involvement of mitochondria in the pro-apoptotic effects of carotenoids has been clearly demonstrated by the fact that P-carotene induces the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and alters the mitochondrial membrane potential (Aym) in different tumor cells (Palozza et al., 2003a). Moreover, the highly polar xanthophyll neoxanthin has been reported to induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells by a mechanism that involves its accumulation into the mitochondria and a consequent loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and releas of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor (Terasaki et al., 2007). 

Ziegler RG, Blot WJ, Hoover R, Blattner WA and Fraumeni JF Jr. 1981. Protocol for a study of nutritional factors and the low risk of colon cancer in Southern retirement areas. Cancer Res 41 3724-3726. 

Choi CH, Burton ZF, Usheva A (2004) Auto-acetylation of transcription factors as a control mechanism in gene expression. Cell Cycle 3(2) 114-115 Clevers H (2004) Wnt breakers in colon cancer. Cancer Cell 5(1) 5-6... 

For many common diseases, subsets of cases exist in which genetic factors play an especially important role. These subsets tend to develop disease early in life (e.g., BRCAl and BRCA2 mutations in breast cancer), and they often tend to have a more severe expression of the disease (e.g., APC mutations in colon cancer). 

Perhaps meat consumption is related to some other factor and it is that other factor that is the real culprit. Do heavy meat eaters consume more alcohol than those who consume less Do heavy meat eaters consume less fiber Even if the latter were true, and we were to construct a figure relating fiber intake to colon cancer, and found that country rates went up as fiber intake declined, we would still fall short of demonstrating causal links between decreased fiber consumption and increased colon cancer rates. 

Several lifestyle factors predispose to cancer development, including smoking tobacco and exposure to sunlight (especially for children and the fair-skinned). It should be noted that low levels of continuous sun exposure may protect against breast and colon cancer, perhaps as a result of raising vitamin D levels which has already been discussed described. 

Micromolar quantities of RNS are generated primarily by nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), an enzyme that is up-regulated during colon-cancer progression. As discussed below, deoxycholate (DOC), a hydrophobic secondary bile acid, activates the redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-kB, resulting in increased levels of NOS2 and enhanced S-nitrosylation of proteins. Additional sources of bile-acid-induced ROS and RNS are also likely. ... 

B. L. Pool-Zobel and U. Leucht, Induction of DNA damage by risk factors of colon cancer in human colon cells derived from biopsies, Mutat. Res., 1997, 375(2), 105. 

Mayne GC, Murray AW (1998) Evidence that protein kinase Ce mediates phorbol ester inhibition of calphostin C- and tumor necrosis factor-a-induced apoptosis in U937 histiocytic lymphoma cells J Biol Chem 273 24115-24121 McBain JA, Pettit GR, Mueller GC (1990) Phorbol esters activate proteoglycan metabolism in human colon cancer cells en route to terminal differentiation. Cell Growth Differ 1 281-291... 

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