Cogeneration modes

Gas Turbine Cycle in the Combined Cycle or Cogeneration Mode... 

Another approach to increasing power plant efficiencies is to use a nonther-mal conversion method for power production, such as fuel cells. Fuel cells rely on electrochemical conversion of the chemical energy in the fuel to electric power. In the cogeneration mode, these systems have been reported to be operable at overall efficiencies as high as 85% (Schora, 1991). Large-scale power plants based on fuel cells have not been developed yet and are not expected to be available for generating central station power until well into the twenty-first century. 

A Steam condition of 60bar/S0O°C was chosen for the independent operation mode. In cogeneration mode, three steam conditions were specified by CTC high-pressure (80 bar/480 C), medium-pressure (22 bar/300 C) and low-pressure steam (2.5 bar/saturated). 

The HTR-10 is designed as a module for multipurpose research. In a first phase, the HTR-10 is planned to be operated in connection with a steam turbine which works in a cogeneration mode to provide electricity and heat. In a second phase, the coolant outlet temperature will be raised from 700 to 900 °C to be operated in a gas turbine cycle [79]. A long-term test program for nuclear process heat applications has been proposed in different phases [89] ... 

The electrocatalytic membrane reactor in the fuel cell or cogeneration modes... 

As an example, in the case of H2—O2 eCMR in the cogeneration mode, electrochemical partial oxidation (ePOx), with the help of a selective cathode catalyst, can produce H2O2 (Siahrostami et al., 2013), a usefid commodity chemical ... 

For example, maximum total efficiency of the NPP can be obtained with a two-phase intermediate circuit (i.e., in a cogeneration mode) with the use of the modular Touman-2.5 turbine unit manufactured by the AO KZT with the following characteristics ... 

Figure VIII-6 shows the conceptual diagram of a stand-alone energy supply system with package-reactor operating in a cogeneration mode.

Maximum useful heat power in cogeneration mode, MW 440... 

Compared with PWR reactors, the BN GT electricity generation efficiency of 41 2% allows a 13-15% reduction of fission products generation per unit of electricity produced. In a cogeneration mode, the specific fission products generation could be 30-50% lower, as the plant efficiency taking into account district heating load would be up to 55%. 

Heat for district heating and potable water could be produced using off-peak electric power without reducing the electricity generation of the plant. In a cogeneration mode, an electric output reduction grants substantial thermal energy that could be used for non-electric applications. 

Rankine cycle is used for the production of electricity, and the balance of plant can be adjusted for a cogeneration mode with potable water production. The cross-sectional view of one-fourth part of the core (symmetric in radial and axial directions) is shown in Fig. XXVI-2. B1 and B2 are the blankets, Cl and C2 are the inner and outer cores, R is the reflector, and S is the shielding. 

ACACIA XIX 2700 - first-of-a-kind plant 2200 - serial plant 24 3 - cogeneration mode 6 -power generation only... 

The GT-MHR concept can be applied to both high and low temperature process heat applications, greatly extending its potential. Low temperature applications such as district heating and desalination are addressed using waste heat in a cogeneration mode. 

The GT-MHR is well suited for the desalination of seawater in a cogeneration mode. By transferring the higher temperature energy from the precooler and intercooler (Fig. XV-2) to the desalination system (e g. multi-effect distillation), and the lower temperature energy to the site heat sink (e g. cooling tower), the desalination system will have no impact on plant thermal efficiency. 

XV-2] LECOMTE, M., BANDELIER, P., Desalinated water production optimization using a high temperature reactor in a cogeneration mode. International Conference on Nuclear Desalination (Paper presented, Morocco, October 16-18 2002). 

TABLE XIX-1. MAJOR DESIGN AND OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF ACACIA INDIRECT CYCLE PLANT, IN COGENERATION MODE AND IN ELECTRICITY-ONLY MODE... 

The series plant cost of electricity is 3 cents/kWh (US ) in a cogeneration mode and 6 cents/kWh in a power generation only mode. 

Nevertheless, this system is quite interesting from a technological point of view. As recently shown, Ag and Ag-Sm203 anodes operating with pure CH4 (no oxygen addition, chemical cogeneration mode) lead to... 

Demonstrated High Reliability and Developed System The PAFC system is the first fuel cell to reach the consumer production stage and has millions of operation hours accumulated with hundreds of 200-kWe units. This system has demonstrated high service reliability of over 95% as well as combined thermal efficiency of over 80% in the cogeneration mode. 

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