Cocaine solid phase extraction

Gheorghe A, Van Nuijs A, Pecceu B, Bervoets L, Jorens PG, Blust R, Neels H, Covaci A (2008) Analysis of cocaine and its principal metabolites in waste and surface water using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 391 1309-1319... 

Hernandez A, Andollo W, Hearn WL. 1994. Analysis of cocaine and metabolites in brain using solid phase extraction and full-scanning gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 13 149. 

Jagerdeo E, Montgomery MA, Sibum M, Sasaki TA, LeBeau MA (2008) Rapid analysis of cocaine and metabolites in urine using a completely automated solid-phase extraction-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. J Anal Toxicol 32(8) 570-576... 

The variations concern pH, temperature, time of processing, and, in the last case additionally, possible ultrasonic treatment. The following step consists in a liquid-phase or solid-phase extraction (SPE). However, other extraction methods like SFE ° also have been used prior to the detection procedure. The final choice of the workup procedure is mainly dependent on the chemical stability of the analyte e.g., benzodiazepines are highly unstable under alkaline conditions, but they are also affected under acid conditions. Alkaline hydrolysis should be avoided for cocaine - however, morphine can be extracted after acid or alkaline hydrolysis. ... 

Generally, after isolation and before analysis, cocaine analytes and opioids are extracted with either liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) or solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods. Immunoassay detection techniques, however, often use the crude isolation solution. Baumgartner et al. noted that while isolating and extracting is the best... 

Each route of synthesis will result in an impnrity profile which can be analysed. Unlike cannabis, heroin and cocaine, the impnrities are present in very low concentrations and need to be extracted from the amphetamine matrix. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) have been most frequently applied for this pnrpose [13-16]. Of these, LLE is currently the most widely used technique. In addition, there are attempts being made to develop the method so that it can be optimized to allow data exchange between different laboratories (in different countries) [17]. 

Cocaine metabolites were detected in nrine by solid phase extraction (SPE) IMS with detection limits of 10 and 4 ng/mL for BE and cocaethylene, respectively. The analytes are retained on the SPE cartridge, while salts and polar compounds that may interfere with the analysis remain in solntion. Sweat samples have also been examined by ion trap mobility spectrometry (ITMS), and traces of 6-acetylmorphine, heroin, and cocaine were detected. Not only illicit drugs can be detected by IMS, but also food additives or supplements that are undeclared, like the appetite suppressant sibutramine. ... 

Lu, Y. O Donnell, R.M. Harrington, P.B., Detection of cocaine and its metabolites in urine using solid phase extraction-ion mobility spectrometry with alternating least... 

Brunet B, Bames AJ, Scheidweiler KB, Mura P, Huestis MA (2008) Development and validation of a solid-phase extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of methadone, heroin, cocaine and metabolites in sweat. Anal Bioanal Chem 392 115-127... 

Coca paste and several fractions from smoking products have been analyzed by GCFID and GCMS (38). The inhalation efficiency and pyrolysis products of cocaine by the pyrolysis of crack and cocaine hydrochloride have been studied by GC and GCMS (39). GCMS has also been used to smdy the injection-port-produced artifacts from cocaine (crack) exhibits (40). The detection of cocaine on various denominations of United States currency has been reported using solid-phase extraction and GCMS (41). 

The method developed by Mari et al. (2009) consisted of solid-phase extraction by Bond Elut Certify LRC cartridges (Varian, Harbor City, CA), and derivatiza-tion of samples with BSTFA. A gas chromatography—mass spectrometer (GC—MS, Thermoquest Trace GC/Finnigan Polaris Q MS) was employed for the analysis of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and morphine. Recoveries were higher than 87% for all the compounds and the limits of quantification were lower than 25 ng/L. 

Lewis, R. J., R. D. Johnson, M. K. Angier, and R. M. Ritter RM. Determination of cocaine, its metabolites, pyrolysis product, and ethanol adducts in post-mortem fluids and tissues using Zymark automated solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 

Solid-phase extraction, elution, evaporation, and formation of TMS-deriva-tives is the most frequently used pretreatment method for the determination of cocaine and its metabolites by GC-MS. A CFS for the automated pretreatment... 

The method was developed according to a procedure analogous to the one described in Section 7.3.4. Sample preparation consisted of acidic hydrolysis of collected hair, followed by an extraction in solid phase extraction. The analysis of cocaine and its metabolites was carried out in GC-MS with an ion trap in a protocol that associated positive chemical ionization and MS/MS detection for each of the four analytes. No chemical derivation was carried out prior to analysis. 

Yonamine M, TawU N, Moreau RL, Silva OA. 2003. Solid-phase micro-extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and headspace-gas chromatography of tetrahydrocannabinol, amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine and ethanol in saliva samples. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 789 73. 

Supercritical phase extraction is the chosen method for extracting drugs, including opiates, cocaine, and methadone from a solid matrix such as hair. In its present state, supercritical phase extraction can be used with these three groups of drugs. In the near future, however, it is probable that this method will be applicable to other drugs and even to other medical substances. At that time, SFE will probably become the reference method for hair analysis. 

An effective combination of focused microwave-assisted extraction with solid-phase microextraction (FMAE-SPME) was carried out for the extraction of cocaine... 

Bieri S, Ilias Y, Bicchi C, Veuthey J-L, Christen P (2006) Focused microwave-assisted extraction combined with solid-phase microextraction and gas chnunatography-mass spectrometry for the selective analysis of cocaine from coca leaves. J Chromatogr A 1112... 

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