Cocaine forms

CgH,5N02. Colourless crystalline material m.p. 203 C. The major portion of the cocaine molecule, from which it may be obtained by hydrolysis with acid. Benzoylation and methyl-ation reconvert it to cocaine. Forms a stable hydrochloride, m.p. 246 C. See cocaine. 

As it can be observed in Fig. 2, three out of the 16 investigated compounds, namely, heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and its metabolite 2-oxo, 3-hydroxy-LSD (O-H-LSD), were not detected in any wastewater sample. Two other target analytes, 6-acetyl morphine (6ACM) and A9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), were only present in influent wastewaters and with low detection frequencies. The most ubiquitous compounds, present in all influent and effluent wastewater samples analyzed, were the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine, and the amphetamine-like compounds ephedrine (EPH) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy). Cocaine, cocaethylene (CE, transesterification product of cocaine formed after the joint consumption of cocaine and ethanol), and morphine (MOR) were detected in all influent, but not in all effluent wastewaters (see Fig. 2). 

For recreational use, cocaine (hydrochloride salt) is often administered by nasal insufflation ( snorting ) or less frequently, intravenously. Cocaine is more volatile when converted from the salt to the freebase therefore freebase cocaine may be inhaled by smoking. This latter route of administration results in a rapid onset of action. It has gained increased popularity owing to the ready availabihty of the freebase cocaine form known as crack. Consequently the number of emergency room admissions related to cocaine toxicity has increased. 

How important is it for a forensic chemist to understand why heroin turns the Marquis reagent purple or why cocaine forms a blue precipitate with the cobalt thiocyanate reagent ... 

Cocaine is the oldest of the local anaesthetics. It is a central nervous system stimulant and is habit-forming. See ecgonine. 

When heated with mineral acids Z-cocaine is hydrolysed into Z-ecgonine (p. 96), benzoic acid and methyl alcohol and a like change takes place with baryta water. If the alkaloid is boiled with water, methyl alcohol is split off and a new base, benzoyl-Z-ecgonine is formed, which in turn can be hydrolysed by acids or alkalis into Z-ecgoninc and benzoic acid. Cocaine is, therefore, methylbenzoyl-Z-ecgonine. 

Z-Ecgonine, CgHigOgN. HjO. This substance was first obtained I Lossen as the final basic hydrolytic product of the action of acids c cocaine, and is obtainable in like manner from several of the alkaloii occurring with cocaine (see above). It crystallises from dry alcohol i monoclinic prisms, m.p. 198° (dec.), 205° (dry), [a]n — 45-4°, is soluble i water, sparingly so in alcohol, insoluble in most organic liquid Eegonine forms Salts with bases and acids the hydrochloride crystallis... 

Several of these cocaine substitutes contain asymmetric carbon atoms, and King has sho-wn that in the case of benzamine (III) there is no difference in the anaesthetic action of the d- and Z- forms, but that the Z-fonn is twice as toxic as the [Pg.111]

Trachelantamine, according to Syrneva, has a weak atropine-like action and also produces local anaesthesia. Its hydrolytic product, trache-lantamidine, which is structurally identical with tsoretronecanol, yields a p-aminobenzoyl derivative of -which the crystalline hydrochloride, m.p. 230-2°, is said to be as potent a local anaesthetic as cocaine hydrochloride. The chloro- -heliotridane (p. 606) formed by the aetion of thionyl ehloride on trachelantamidine reacts with 6-methoxy-8-aminoquinoline to form 6-methoxy-8-(pseMdoheliotridylamino)-quinoline,... 

A sample of cocaine, C17H2104N, is diluted with sugar, C H On. When a 1.00-mg sample of this mixture is burned, 1.00 mL of carbon dioxide (d = 1.80 g/L) is formed. What is the percentage of cocaine in this mixture ... 

Crack is the free base form of cocaine which in contrast to cocaine, the salt form, can be smoked. This inhalative application results in a very rapid, intense effect. 

At one time, Coca-Cola actually contained a form of cocaine. These days, the primary stimulant in Coca-Cola and many other beverages is caffeine. Other stimulants are less obvious. Chocolate contains theobromine, a caffeinelike stimulant. Nondrowsy cold remedies contain pseudoephedrine, a relative of ephedra, another plant-alkaloid stimulant. 

In Britain and America the most common form of cocaine is as a white crystalline powder. Most users sniff it up the nose, often through a rolled banknote or straw, but it can also be made into a solution and injected. Crack is a smokable form of cocaine made into small lumps or rocks . It is usually smoked but can also be prepared for injection. Because it is such a fast-acting drug and the powerful effects wear off quickly, repeated use is common, and since cocaine is a relatively expensive drug it has become closely associated with a rich lifestyle. 

The high-dose transition is defined as a transition phase in which the individual suddenly increases the doses of stimulants or switches to smoking (e.g., cocaine crack ) or IV route of administration (Gawin and Ellinwood 1988). This change leads to a rapid escalation of plasma levels and intense euphoria (i.e.. rush) often with subsequent increase in dosing frequency. In its most severe form, the high-dose pattern is characterized by binges of... 

However, there are some data on interactions of phosphate esters with other compounds. Cocaine undergoes metabolism by three major routes one of these routes involves hydrolysis by liver and plasma cholinesterases to form ecgonine methyl ester. It has been suggested that cocaine users with serious complications tend to have lower plasma cholinesterase levels. Thus, it is possible that individuals with decreased plasma cholinesterase levels (such as resulting from organophosphate ester exposure) may be highly sensitive to cocaine (Cregler and Mark 1986 Hoffman et al. 1992). However, there are no experimental data to support this hypothesis. 

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