Dosing frequency

The high-dose transition is defined as a transition phase in which the individual suddenly increases the doses of stimulants or switches to smoking (e.g., cocaine crack ) or IV route of administration (Gawin and Ellinwood 1988). This change leads to a rapid escalation of plasma levels and intense euphoria (i.e.. rush) often with subsequent increase in dosing frequency. In its most severe form, the high-dose pattern is characterized by binges of... 

FIGURE 2. Dose frequency escalation patterns, cocaine and amphetamir,... 

Clearance is a critical parameter because of its role in determining a drug s dose size and frequency. First-pass clearance in combination with absorption determines a compound s bioavailability. Clearance and absorption in combination with potency determine dose size. Clearance and volume of distribution determine half-life, and thus dosing frequency. 

Dosing and Administration Dose, frequency, and route of administration differ between the beta interferon products (see Table 26-3). 0 Dose-response curves have been observed with the beta interferons. However, it is not known if the total weekly dose or the frequency of administration is most important.37... 

Generic Name (Brand) Starting Dose Titrating Dose Usually Effective Dose Maximal Dose Dosing Frequency Adverse Effects Cost... 

Route of Administration Generic Name Brand Name Typical Dosing Range" Maximum Dosing Frequency... 

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be initiated if acetaminophen therapy fails. At equipotent doses, all NSAIDs elicit similar analgesic and anti-inflammatory responses. Selection is based on patient preference, dosing frequency, tolerability, and cost. 

Analyze anti-infective therapy (dose, frequency, and duration) and revise as necessary based on clinical response and culture and sensitivity reports. Prepare an appropriate step-down therapy for the patient. 

Note Some of the above doses are presented as mg/kg doses, whereas others are presented as total mg doses for the whole animal. Source From Ref. 8, with some modification as to recommended dosing frequency in felines. 

Traditionally, the ideal extended-release product has been conceived as providing essentially stable blood levels over the whole dosing frequency interval. Thus, unlike the saw-edge blood concentration time profile of a non-controlled-release product that may show rather wild fluctuations between sub- and su-pratherapeutic blood levels, the ideal extended-release product avoids both nontherapeutic blood levels and those likely to have an increased frequency of dose-related side effects. However, in recent years con-trolled-release products that deliberately exploit a pulsatile drug release time profile have also attracted attention. 

Forecast Average Daily Dose Frequency Distribution... 

SS Chrai, MC Makoid, SP Eriksen, JR Robinson. (1974). Drop size and initial dosing frequency problems of topically applied ophthalmic drugs. J Pharm Sci 63 333-338. 

Steinhausler, F., W. Hofmann, E. Pohl, and J. Pohl-Ruling, Local and Temporal Distribution Pattern of Radon and Daughters in an Urban Environment and Determination of Organ Dose Frequency Distributions With Demoscopical Methods, in Proceedings of the Symposium on Natural Radiation Environment. III. Houston. Conf-780422, DOE Sym. Ser. 51, Vol. II, pp. 1145-1161, Houston NM,... 

In nearly all patients, INH and RIF do not require dose modifications in renal failure. Pyrazinamide and ethambutol typically require a reduction in dosing frequency from daily to three times weekly (Table 49-6). 

Detecting the incidence and type of adverse drug events (ADEs) and medication errors is important for improving the quality of health care delivery. Problems include missing dose, wrong dose, frequency, and route errors. The consequence (ADE) of the errors depends on medication and patient factors as described previously. Some of these problems are organisational and related to chart order system and prescribing. 

One of the main disadvantages of depot parenteral preparations is that administration of these preparations may not be acceptable to the patient. The depot preparation requires a lower dosing frequency when compared with other dosage forms. 

True steady state is usually only achieved for a prolonged period with intravenous infusion. If we assume that we wish for a similar steady value after oral administration, then we need to balance our dosing frequency with the rate of decline of drug concentration and the rule of thumb referred to earlier (dosing interval equal to drug half-life) can be applied. Unbound clearance and free drug are particularly applicable to drugs delivered by the oral route. For a well-absorbed compound the free plasma concentrations directly relate to Cli (intrinsic unbound clearance). 

Combination regimens are designed in accordance with substance-specific development of resistance and pharmacokinetic parameters (CNS penetrability, neuroprotection, dosing frequency). 

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