Coal tar solvents

Cosol [Neville]. TM for high-boiling coal tar solvents for use in alkyd resin enamels and synthetic lacquers. 

Properties Colorless liquid. D 0.7600 (20/4C), fp —33.6C, bp 213C, refr index 1.4327 (20C). Soluble in alcohol, acetone, ether, petroleum, coal tar solvents insoluble in water. Combustible. 

Properties Colorless liquid. D (cis) 0.708, (trans) 0.704, (commercial) 0.7010-0.7050 (20/4C), bp (trans) 98C, (cis) 98.5C, (commercial) 97-99C, refr index 1.406 (20C) flash p (commercial) 28F (—2.2C). Soluble in alcohol, acetone, ether, petroleum, and coal tar solvents insoluble in water. Hazard Flammable, dangerous fire risk. 

Properties Colorless liquid. Mp 4C, bp 274C, flash p 200F (93C), d 0.784 (15/4C), refr index 1.441 (20C). Insoluble in water soluble in alcohol, ether, petroleum, and coal tar solvents. 

Early methods of separation employed such solvents as oleic acid/ crude coal-tar solvent naphtha, light pyridine,5 etc. Based on the selective solution of phenanthrene by the coal-tar naphtha, and of carbazole liy the light pyridine, Clark proposed a complicated scheme for the separation and recovery of all three of these constituents. Recently, organic liquid compounds containing the furan nucleus have been found to have a highly selective solvent action on phenanthrene and carbazole." Thns, furfural while dissolving phenanthrene and carbazole does not have a marked solvent action on anthracene at low temperatures. However, at elevated temperatures it does dissolve anthracene with the result that it is possible... 

Light oil syn. coal tar distillates, coal tar solvents, or coal tar oil. a highly flammable mixture of toluene, xylene, cumenes, etc. 

Coal tars, solvents, phenols, asbestos, radionuclides, PAHs... 

Petroleum Haphtha. Shale Naphtha. Coal-tar Solvent Naphtha. 

IR Butyl Isobutylene, Isoprene, polymer Water and steam Petroleum solvents, coal, tar, solvents, aromatic hydrocarbons... 

Commercially, xylene is obtained by the catalytic reforming of naphthenes in the presence of hydrogen see toluene) or was formerly obtained from coal tar. The material so-produced is suitable for use as a solvent or gasoline ingredient, these uses accounting for a large part of xylene consumption. If xylene is required as a chemical, separation into the iso-... 

Other Organic Processes. Solvent extraction has found appHcation in the coal-tar industry for many years, as for example in the recovery of phenols from coal-tar distillates by washing with caustic soda solution. Solvent extraction of fatty and resimic acid from tall oil has been reported (250). Dissociation extraction is used to separate y -cresol fromT -cresol (251) and 2,4-x5lenol from 2,5-x5lenol (252). Solvent extraction can play a role in the direct manufacture of chemicals from coal (253) (see Eeedstocks, coal chemicals). 

Naphthalene is very slightly soluble in water but is appreciably soluble in many organic solvents, eg, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, phenols, ethers, carbon disulfide, chloroform, ben2ene, coal-tar naphtha, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, and decahydronaphthalene. Selected solubiUty data are presented in Table 4. 

Methyl- and dimethylnaphthalenes are contained in coke-oven tar and in certain petroleum fractions in significant amounts. A typical high temperature coke-oven coal tar, for example, contains ca 3 wt % of combined methyl- and dimethylnaphthalenes (6). In the United States, separation of individual isomers is seldom attempted instead a methylnaphtha1 ene-rich fraction is produced for commercial purposes. Such mixtures are used for solvents for pesticides, sulfur, and various aromatic compounds. They also can be used as low freezing, stable heat-transfer fluids. Mixtures that are rich in monomethyinaphthalene content have been used as dye carriers (qv) for color intensification in the dyeing of synthetic fibers, eg, polyester. They also are used as the feedstock to make naphthalene in dealkylation processes. PhthaUc anhydride also can be made from m ethyl n aph th al en e mixtures by an oxidation process that is similar to that used for naphthalene. 

Vinyl carbazole is obtained by reacting carbazole, readily available as a byproduct of coal tar distillation, with acetylene in the presence of a catalyst and solvent under pressure Figure 17.7). 

Only a limited number of coal-denved pitches were examined by H NMR because of their low solubility in solvents commonly used m conventional proton magnetic resonance. Table 12 reports the distribution of hydrogen for three of the pitches. Unlike coal-tar pitches, which typically have over 85% of the hydrogen bonded to aromatic carbon, the matenals listed in Table 12 are characterized by a high content of aliphatic hydrogen. 

Benzene An aromatic hydrocarbon which is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid. Benzene is obtained chiefly from coal tar and is used as a solvent for resins and fats in dye manufacture. 

Multidimensional chromatography has also been applied for the analysis of industrial chemicals and related samples. Industrial samples which have been analyzed by multidimensional chromatography include coal tar, antiknock additives in gasoline (3), light hydrocarbons (4, 5), trihaloalkanes and trihaloalkenes in industrial solvents (6-8), soot and particulate extracts, and various industrial chemicals that might be present in gasoline and oil samples. 

Their disadvantages, particularly in comparison with coal tar epoxies, include the fact that they are limited in film thickness per coat and therefore require multi-coated application. They have a higher solvent content and therefore there is an increasing risk of solvent entrapment, and the slower cure may limit their use in a tidal zone. The best use is for immersed conditions. 

Asphalt Asphalt is a natural occurring mineral or as the residue from the distillation of asphaltic petroleum. It is less brittle and has better resistance to sunlight and temperature changes than coal tar enamel. Its water resistance is good but less than for coal tar enamel. It is not resistant to solvents or oils. It may crack at low temperatures and age at elevated ones. Like coal tar enamels, it is primarily black in color and difficult to overcoat with other materials. Its main use is for the in-situ coating of roofs or aboveground steel structures. 

For resistance to acid conditions alone, traditional filled and unfilled bituminous solutions (which have economic advantages), chlorinated rubber and shellac have been used. Crosslinking coatings, e.g. amine-cured epoxy resins, often blended with coal-tar which develops resistance to oils and solvents, have obvious advantages on chemical plant. 

Those deposited in the cold from a solvent usually consist of lanolin or petrolatum mixtures in such solvents as white spirit or coal tar naphtha. The film is thinner than other soft films deposited by different methods. 

Solvent Naphtha (160° benzol). A mixt of small percentages of benzene and toluene with xylene and higher homologs from coal tar. In crude form, a dark straw-colored liq, bp about 160° (80%), d 0.862—0.892g/cc, flash p about 78°F. When refined, a w-white liq, bp about 160° (90%), d 0.862-0.872g/cc, flash p about 78°F. May be obtained from coal tar by fractional distillation. When nitrated, used in Dynamites (Ref 5)... 

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