Coal science review

The literature on the subject of coal composition, structure, and use has grown significantly during the last two decades, as interest in coal research has continued. The future of coal science looks bright as researchers continue to make significant contributions to the elucidation of the structure, composition, and physicochemical behavior of coal. New analytical techniques have made an important contribution to these advances. The objective of this chapter is to provide a brief review of the state of the art of coal science and technology. 

Harris, P. J. F. (2001). Rosalind Franklin s work on coal, carbon, and graphite. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 26 204-209. 

Although NMR is probably the most widely used NMR technique in chemical applications, it has only been used sparingly in studies of humic substances. Much of the literature in which this technique is used was published prior to 1987 and is well covered in the review by Wilson.(5) Use of NMR is mostly limited to solutions, and it is thus necessary to dissolve humic substances in aqueous solutions. Of course, one must reduce the amount of H s from solvent molecules by use of deuterated water, but it is often difficult to reduce these background signals to negligible amounts. Wilson(5) described the application of water suppression techniques which have been necessary to obtain H NMR spectra of humic isolates from soil. In the case of solid-state NMR of whole soils and humic substances, the development of a new technique called CRAMPS (combined rotation and multiple pulse spectroscopy) has not received the attention it has in the field of coal science, primarily because of the lack of resolution. Thus, recent applications of either solution or solids NMR has been very limited in humic substance science since Wilson s(5) review. 

Lewis-Beck, M. Alford, J. 1980, Can government regulate safety the coal mine example , American Political Science Review, vol. 74, pp. 745-56 Linehan, T, 1992, Enforcement strategies , Puturesafe 92 Speakers Papers, Adelaide National Safety Council of Australia Low, J, M, Griffith, G. 1993, The incidence and cost of farm injuries , unpublished paper... 

In this study detailed fault trees with probability and failure rate calculations were generated for the events (1) Fatality due to Explosion, Fire, Toxic Release or Asphyxiation at the Process Development Unit (PDU) Coal Gasification Process and (2) Loss of Availability of the PDU. The fault trees for the PDU were synthesized by Design Sciences, Inc., and then subjected to multiple reviews by Combustion Engineering. The steps involved in hazard identification and evaluation, fault tree generation, probability assessment, and design alteration are presented in the main body of this report. The fault trees, cut sets, failure rate data and unavailability calculations are included as attachments to this report. Although both safety and reliability trees have been constructed for the PDU, the verification and analysis of these trees were not completed as a result of the curtailment of the demonstration plant project. Certain items not completed for the PDU risk and reliability assessment are listed. 

A. Pigeaud, ERC, and G. Wilemski, Physical Sciences, "Effects of Coal-Derived Trace Species on the Performance of Carbonate Fuel Cells," in Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Fuel Cells Contractors Review Meeting, U.S. DOE/METC, Pgs. 42-45, July 1992. 

Flagan, R.C. and Friedlander, S.K. "Particle Formation in Pulverized Coal Combustion-A Review," presented at Symposium on Aerosol Science and Technology, Eight-Second National Meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Atlantic City, N.J. 29 August -1 September 1976. 

Hagan. R. C., and Friedlander, S. K, (1978) Particle Formation in Pulverized Coal Combustion— A Review, in Shaw, D, T. (Ed.), Recent Devehpmetus in Aerosol Science, Wiley, New York. 

Thanks are given to the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51204069), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (No. AQ2013B01) and the project Study on the groundwater chemistry law of three soft coal seams in Zhengzhou Coalmine for financial supports and our staffs for sample collections. The authors would like to thank the reviewers of this paper for their useful comments. 

Levine, D.G., Schlosberg, R.H., and SUbemagel, B.G. 1982. Understanding the chemistry and physics of coal structure A review. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA, 79 3365-3370. 

Flagan, R.C. and Friedlander, S.K. 1978. Particle formation in pulverized coal combustion—A review. InRecent Developments in Aerosol Science, D.T. Shaw (Ed.). John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York. 

R.C. Flagan, S.K. Friedlander "Particle Formation in Pulverized Coal Combustion—A Review", in Recent Developments in Aerosol Sciences., ed. by D.J. Shaw (Wiley, New York 1978)... 

Wan, K.T. and B.L. Crynes. Catalyst Tailoring for Coal-Derived Liquids. cited in Shah, Y.T. and D.C. Cronauer. Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur Removal Reactions in Donor Solvent Coal Liquefaction. Catalysis Reviews Science and Eng. 20(2) (1979) 209. 

International Journal of Mineral Processing. Elsevier Science BV (0301-7516) http //www. elsevier.com/locate/minpro (accessed March 27,2011). Covers all aspects of the processing of solid-mineral materials, such as metallic and nonmetallic ores, coals, and other solid sources of secondary materials, etc. Special features in the journal include bibliographies, charts, illustrations, and book reviews. 

Solomon, P. R., Serio, M. A., and Suuberg, E. M., Review of Coal Pyrolysis Experiments, Kinetics Rates and Mechanisms, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, in press (1992). 

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