Coal and Other Fuels

Combustion of coal and other fuels Gasification of coal, peat, wood wastes Carbonization of coal (decomposition without oxygen)... 

Improve blast furnace efficiency by using coal and other fuels (such as oil or gas) for heating instead of coke, thereby minimizing air emissions. 

The synthesis of toxic organic compounds by humans, and their release into the natural environment began to assume significant proportions during the 20th century, especially after the Second World War. Prior to 1900, the chemical industry was relatively small, and the largest chemical impact of humans on the environment was probably dne to the release of hydrocarbons, especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), with the combnstion of coal and other fuels. 

Fieldner, Arno C., Dr (1882-1966). Pioneer US Govt research scientist and internationally known authority on coal and other fuels who died July 13, 1966 after an automobile accident. He graduated from Ohio State University and began work as a chemist at the BurMines at the time of its founding in 1910. During WWI he directed research on gas masks and adsorbents far CWS. In 1942 he was named chief of fuels and explosives services at BurMines, and in 1950, as chief fuels technologist. He retired in 1955 Ref Anon, "Amo C. Fieldner , C EN 44 (35), p 116 (Aug 29, 1966) (Obituary, with portrait)... 

Point-source pollution extends beyond a specific entity within a plant, such as a particular machine or process, and comprises a source of pollution that may emanate from only one or a few particular facilities within a small area. Point-source pollutants become mixed in the atmosphere with pollutants from other sources. Hence, beyond the immediate vicinity of a given facility, sources are difficult to identify. Considerable success has been achieved by isotopic matching to specific coals and other fuels that may be burned at a given facility. 

Flyash Fined-grained and noncombustible solid components of coal and other fuels that accumulate in... 

Techniques of transmission electron microscopy have proved valuable in many areas of solid state science. Use of electron diffraction permits identification of crystal types, determination of unit cell sizes and characterization of crystal defects in the phases. Measurement of Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDS) line intensity allows calculation of the elemental composition of the phases. It is difficult to overestimate the value of such applications to metallic alloys, ceramic materials and electron-device alloys (T-4V Applications to coal and other fuels are far fewer, but the studies also show promise, both in characterization of mineral phases and in determination of organic constituents (5-9. This paper reports measurements on a particular feature of coal, the spatial variation of the organic sulfur concentration. 

Russia turned up at Geneva that same year of 1955 with more than hollow promises. Alongside our full-scale 4 swimming-poor nuclear reactor which we had flown to the Conference for exhibition, the young Russian scientists presented a model of her first "commercial power reactor which, they said, had been in operation for more than a year. Not far from Moscow it had fed 5000 kilowatts of electrical energy into farms, factories and homes on a modest experimental scale. The new Soviet Five Year Plan calls for the completion by 1960 of several atomic energy plants with a total capacity equal to that of the United States and England combined. These are to be built mainly in the European part of the Soviet Union where coal and other fuel are in short supply. 

Combustion techniques are very useful for preparation of samples in which heteroatoms can be converted to ionic species suitable for determination by ion chromatography. Combustion is, therefore, used frequently for the analysis of biological samples, pharmaceutical preparations, polymerized substances, coal and other fuels, as well as foodstuffs and other samples with a very high organic matrix content. " Generally, conventional ion chromatographic methods for sohd samples are ... 

Power is estimated from typical consumption figures for each area and a power cost of six cents per kilowatt hour in this example. Similarly coal and other fuels are estimated on the basis of typical energy consumption data provided in Chapter 16. Gas fuels are higher in this case due to its use for Kivcet furnace feed drying. In this case waste heat steam can be used to generate power and give a credit of 337 kWh per tonne of lead. 

Chemistry. Coal gasification iavolves the thermal decomposition of coal and the reaction of the carbon ia the coal, and other pyrolysis products with oxygen, water, and hydrogen to produce fuel gases such as methane by internal hydrogen shifts... 

Of all the fossil fuels, the use of natural gas results ia the formation of the least amouat of CO2 per unit of heat energy produced. On a constant energy basis, natural gas combustion produces approximately 30% less CO2 than Hquid petroleum fuels and approximately 45% less CO2 than coal and other soHd fossil fuels. 

Petroleum refining, also called petroleum processing, is the recovery and/or generation of usable or salable fractions and products from cmde oil, either by distillation or by chemical reaction of the cmde oil constituents under the effects of heat and pressure. Synthetic cmde oil, produced from tar sand (oil sand) bitumen, and heavier oils are also used as feedstocks in some refineries. Heavy oil conversion (1), as practiced in many refineries, does not fall into the category of synthetic fuels (syncmde) production. In terms of Hquid fuels from coal and other carbonaceous feedstocks, such as oil shale (qv), the concept of a synthetic fuels industry has diminished over the past several years as being uneconomical in light of current petroleum prices. 

Because of the furnace design, which incorporates a relatively large and unrestricted combustion zone, FB boilers are entirely suitable for coal and other solid fuel firing. 

The moisture component of coal and other solid fuels that is not available to bond or freeze to other particles. 

External moisture that is not bonded to a particle of coal or other fuel. External moisture will ice in cold weather and lump fuel together in a solid mass. Where this occurs, thaw sheds may be used to heat the mass before further transport or use. 

A full understanding will be needed of the complex chemistry by which the atmosphere and the earth interact, including the dependence of global climate on carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. Is there a way to deal with the carbon dioxide produced by burning coal and other hydrocarbon fuels so that it causes no problem Chemical scientists will need to investigate effective ways to trap C02 that would otherwise build up in the atmosphere. Alternatively, it will be necessary to find ways to reduce the generation of carbon dioxide. As human... 

Develop technologies and catalysts for the cleaner use of coal as a fuel and for the conversion of coal to other fuels. 

Steinberg, M., Clean Carbon and Hydrogen Fuels from Coal and Other Carbonaceous Raw Materials, BNL-39630 Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, 1987. 

The catalytic activation of carbon monoxide is a research area currently receiving major attention from academic, industrial, and government laboratories. There has been a long standing interest in this area however, the new attention obviously is stimulated by concerns with the present and future costs and availability of petroleum as a feedstock for the production of hydrocarbon fuels and of organic chemicals. One logical alternative source to be considered is synthesis gas, mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen that can be produced from coal and other carbonaceous materials. 

It was soon closed in, and an attempt was made to bum it, as natural gas is usually burned, for generating steam for drilling purposes. Much to the surprise of parties interested, it would not bum. Later it was found that when a fire was already kindled in a fire box or an engine and the gas turned on,. .. it would begin to bum and would develop sufficient heat to generate steam moderately well. But as soon as the coal or other fuel in the firebox was consumed, the gas would no longer bum. 

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