Clove buds

ASARONE 70-80% of calamus oil. In trace amounts in Asian carrot seed and clove bud oils. 

The most important considerations in marketing and estabUshing a crop from a new source are constancy of supply and quahty. Eor some spices, it is difficult to reduce labor costs, as some crops demand individual manual treatment even if grown on dedicated plantations. Only the individual stigmas of the saffron flower must be picked cinnamon bark must be cut, peeled, and roUed in strips mature unopened clove buds must be picked by hand and orchid blossoms must be hand pollinated to produce the vanilla bean. 

Table 37. Comparison of the Headspace Components of Whole and Crushed Clove Bud with a Commercial Oil ...

Clove bud oil is frequendy used iu perfumery for its natural sweet-spicy note but the greatest appHcation is iu the davor area iu a large variety of food products, including spice blends, seasoniugs, piddes, canned meats, baked goods, ready-made mixes, etc. As iu the case of cinnamon bark oil, its well-known antiseptic properties make it ideal for appHcation iu mouth washes, gargles, dentifrices, and pharmaceutical and dental preparations. Candy, particulady chewing gum, is also davored with clove bud oil iu combination with other essential oils. 

Cloud point (CP), 75 207 24 126 Cloud seeding, silver iodide in, 22 685 Clove bud oil, 24 542 Clove buds, 23 166 Clove leaf oil, in perfumes, 78 367 Cloverite, 76 820 Cloves, 23 155 Cloxacillin, 3 33 Cloxyfonac, 73 4 It, 48 C1S03H, fatty alcohol sulfation with, 23 541. See also Chlorosulfonic acid Clupanodonic acid, physical properties, 5 33t... 

A chemical substance or simple mixture of substances obtained from natural sources by distillation or extraction such as citral from lemongrass oil or eugenol from clove bud. 

Cinnamon leaf oil is produced by steam distillation of the leaves of the cinnamon tree, Cinnamomum zeylanicum Bl. (C. verum J.S. Presl). The main countries in which the oil is produced are Sri Lanka, the Seychelles, southern India, Madagascar, and the Comoro Islands. It is a reddish-brown to dark brown liquid with a characteristic spicy odor, reminiscent of clove buds. 

Clove bud oil is obtained in 15-20% yield by steam distillation of the dried flower buds. Clove bud oil, like the leaf oil, is a yellow to brown, sometimes slightly viscous liquid. It turns dark purple-brown on contact with iron. The oil has the spicy odor characteristic of eugenol. 

The main component of all clove oils is eugenol (up to 80%, sometimes more), which is responsible for their odor and antiseptic properties. Other major constituents are eugenyl acetate and caryophyllene [442-449]. Clove bud oil has a higher acetate content and a more delicate odor than the other oils, therefore it is much more expensive. Leaf oil is produced and used in the largest quantities. The composition of clove stem oil resembles that of bud oil but with a lower content of eugenyl acetate. 

Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. Perry Ding Xian (Clove) (clove bud) Phytosterols, campesterol, crataegol acid, sitosterols, stigmasterol, niacin, ascorbic acid.50 Antiemetic, carminative, stimulant, treat diarrhea, halitosis, nasal polyps, uterine fluxes, sterility, toothache. 

Some herbs and spices are comparatively rich in various HBAs. After hydrolysis, protocatechuic acid is die dominant HBA in cinnamon bark (23-27 mg/kg), accompanied by salicylic acid (7 mg/kg) and syringic acid (8 mg/kg). Gallic acid dominates in clove buds (175 mg/kg) and is accompanied by protocatechuic acid (10 mg/kg), genistic acid/4-HBA (7 mg/kg) and syringic acid (8 mg/kg) [4]. The fruit of anise (Pimpinella anisum) contains 730-1080 mg/kg of the glucoside of 4-HBA [3]. 

Determination of the phenols is of special importance in the analysis of hop (carvacrol), thyme, ajOwan (thymol), aniseed, badiana, fennel (anethole), clove bud and stem (eugenol) and sassafras oils (safrole). 

With volatile oils containing eugenol (clove bud or stem, cinnamon, pimento or bay oil), 3% sodium hydroxide solution must be employed With clove stem oil it is well to heat for 10 minutes on a water-bath... 

Kreteks contain tobacco and 40% shredded clove buds. They have a pleasant, sweet aroma of cloves, but have such high levels of tar, nicotine, and CO, that smoking one is equivalent to smoking 20 light American cigarettes. Eugenol, the local anesthetic in cloves, permits the inhalation of the harsh smoke. 

Clove bud oil has various biological activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-... 

Gopalakrishnan, N. (1994) Studies on the storage quality of C02-extracted cardamom and clove bud oils. journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 42, 796-798. 

Good-quality clove buds contain 15-20% essential oil (Gopalakrishnan et al., 1988 Pinoetal., 2001 Rainaeta/., 2001 Zachariah et al., 2005). The oil is dominated by eugenol (70-85%), eugenyl acetate (15%) and... 

Pino et al. (2001) identified 36 compounds of the volatile oil of clove buds. The major components of the bud oil were eugenol (69.8%), (3-caryophyllene (13%) and eugenyl acetate (16.1%) (Pino et al., 2001). The chief components of clove oil from various regions are listed in Table 8.5, which indicates quantitative variations of the individual components of the oil from different regions. Zachariah et al. (2005) reported that clove buds from India contained 12.9-18.5% oil, of which 44-55% was eugenol, whereas the pedicels contained 3.0-7.7% oil with 60.0-72.4% eugenol. 

Analysis of clove bud oil extracted with liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide showed significant qualitative and quantitative compositional differences compared to oil obtained by the conventional hydrodistillation process. The parameters such... 

Note A Madagascan clove bud oil B Zanzibar clove stem oil C Madagascan clove leaf oil D Indonesian clove leaf oil ng = not given. 

The essential oil content during the different stages of leaf growth revealed that the eugenol content in the leaves increased from 38.3 to 95.2% with maturity, while the contents of eugenyl acetate (51.2 to 1.5%) and caryophyllene (6.3 to 0.2%) decreased (Gopalakrishnan and Narayanan, 1988). Clove bud and leaf oil contain various classes of compounds, e.g. monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, aldehydes and ketones (Vernin et al., 1994), which are indicated in Table 8.8. 

Clove bud concrete is another important value-added product from buds, extracted using petroleum ether and benzene. It is olive to pale brown, having a sweet, rich spicy aroma similar to that of dried buds. 

Cloves contain about 2% of the triterpene, oleanolic acid. Narayanan and Natu (1974) isolated maslinic acid from clove buds. From clove, 2a-hydroxyoleanolic acid was isolated by Brieskorn et al. (1975). 

Table 8.7. Essential oil composition of clove bud and leaf from India and Madagascar.

Cloves are more often used to assist the action of other herbal remedies rather than alone. When not available, allspice is substituted. It is spicy, warming, stimulant, anodyne, anaesthetic (topical), antiemetic, antigriping (added to other herbs), vermifuge, uterine stimulant, stomachic, aromatic, carminative, antiseptic, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antispasmodic, expectorant, aphrodisiac and promotes salivation and digestive juices. The oil is expectorant, anaesthetic, emmenogogue it affects the kidney, spleen and stomach and has preservative properties. Tea made from clove bud (other herbs/spices can be used or added to cloves, such as allspice, bay, cinnamon and marjoram) has been used to relieve bronchitis, asthma, coughs, a tendency to infection, tuberculosis, altitude... 

Clove bud oil has various biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and insecticidal properties. The high level of eugenol present in the essential oil imparts strong biological and antimicrobial activity. 

Clove bud oil causes inhibition of both mycelial growth and aflatoxin production of A. parasiticus (Farag et al., 1989 Gowda et al., 2004). Clove oil, at concentrations > lOOpg/ml, results in reduction in the aflatoxin production in liquid cultures (Sinha et al., 1993). Clove oil inhibits the growth and production of fumonisin Bj by F. prolif-eratum (Veluti et al., 2003). 

Clove is a potent antiviral agent and eugenin isolated from clove buds showed antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus at a concentration of lOpg/ml (Kim et al., 2001 Chaieb et al., 2007). 

Caydou, E.M. and Randriamiharisoa, R. (1987) Multidimensional analysis of gas chromatographic data, application to the differentiation of clove bud and clove stem essential oils from Madagascar. Perfumer and Flavorist 12, 45-51. 

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