Cleaning Spirit

In Scotland two distillations only are usually made. First, from the " wash stiU, from winch the whole of the volatile constituents are coUected as low wines. The low wines are redistiUed from a similar stiU, the distUlate being coUected in three fractions, viz. (i) fore shots (2) clean spirit or whiskey (3) feints. The fore shots and feints are added to the low wines of the next distUling period. The whiskey fraction is generaUy rim ofi at a strength of ii to 25 over proof. 

Holland, R. W., Hendriks, M., and Aarts, H. 2005. Smells like clean spirit. Nonconscious effects of scent on cognition and behavior. Ps chologic Science 16(9) 689 693. 

Spirit A 0.675 40- too Rubber-based adhesives cleaning fluids, degreasing fluids... 

First place about 5 g. of clean dry sand in A, and then 45 ml. (3 S ) rectified spirit cool the flask in ice-water and cautiously add 40 ml. (74 g.) of concentrated sulphuric acid, shaking the mixture thoroughly during the addition to ensure a... 

Place an intimate mixture of 125 g. of powdered, anhydrous zinc chloride and 26-5 g. of acetophenonephenylhydrazone in a tall 500 ml. beaker in an oil bath at 170°. Stir the mixture vigorously by hand. After 3-4 minutes the mass becomes hquid and evolution of white fumes commences. Remove the beaker from the bath and stir the mixture for 5 minutes. Then stir in 100 g. of clean, white sand in order to prevent solidification to a hard mass. Digest the mixture for 12-16 hours on a water bath with 400 ml. of water and 12 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid in order to dissolve the zinc chloride. Filter off the sand and the crude 2-phenylindole, and boil the solids with 300 ml. of rectified spirit. Treat the hot mixture with a little decolourising carbon and filter through a pre-heated Buchner funnel wash the residue with 40 ml. of hot rectified spirit. Cool the combined filtrates to room temperature, filter off the 2-phenylindole and wash it three times with 10 ml. portions of cold alcohol. Dry in a vacuum desiccator over anhydrous calcium chloride. The yield of pure 2-phenylindole, m.p. 188-189°, is 16 g. 

Xanthhydrol. Prepare an amalgam from 9 0 g. of clean sodium and 750 g. (55 ml.) of mercury (Section 11,50,7, Method 1), and warm it to 50° in a 500 ml. Pyrex bottle. Add a cold suspension of 25 g. of xanthone in 175 ml. of rectified spirit, stopper the bottle and shake vigorously raise the stopper from time to time to release the pressure. The temperature rises rapidly to 60-70°, the sohd xanthone passes into solution, and a transient blue colour is developed. After about 5 minutes the alcoholic solution is clear and almost colourless. Shake for a further 10 minutes, separate the mercury, and wash it with 15 ml. of alcohol. Filter the... 

Place 1 55 g. of clean sodium in a 250 ml. round-bottomed flask equipped with a reflux condenser. Add 40 ml. of absolute alcohol (or rectified spirit). If all the sodium has not disappeared after the vigorous reaction has subsided, warm the flask on a water bath until solution is complete. Cool the mixture and add 10 g. of p-acetylaminophenol. Introduce 15 g. (8 ml.) of ethyl iodide slowly through the condenser and reflux the mixture for 45-60 minutes. Pour 100 ml. of water through the condenser at such a rate that the crystalline product does not separate if crystals do separate, reflux the mixture until they dissolve. Then cool the flask in an ice bath collect the crude phenacetin with suction and wash with a little cold water. Dissolve the crude product in 80 ml. of rectified spirit if the solution is coloured, add 2 g. of decolourising carbon and filter. Treat the clear solution with 125 ml. of hot water and allow to cool. Collect the pure phenacetin at the pump and dry in the air. The yield is 9-5 g., m.p. 137°. 

Cobalt naphthenate is generally supplied in solution in styrene, the solution commonly having a cobalt concentration of 0.5-1.0%. The cobalt solution is normally used in quantities of 0.5-4.0% based on the polyester. The accelerator solution is rather unstable as the styrene will tend to polymerise and thus although the accelerator may be metered from burettes, the latter will block up unless frequently cleaned. Cobalt naphthenate solutions in white spirit and dimethyl phthalate have proved unsatisfactory. In the first case dispersion is difficult and laminates remain highly coloured whilst with the latter inferior end-products are obtained and the solution is unstable. Stable solutions of cobalt octoate in dimethyl phthalate are possible and these are often preferred because they impart less colour to the laminate. 

Dry cleaning - Several solvents exist to replace the ozone-depleting solvents that have traditionally been used by the dry cleaning industry. Perchloroethylene has been used for more than three decades. Petroleum solvents, while flammable, can be safely used when appropriate safety precautions are taken. They include white spirit, Stoddard solvent, hydrocarbon solvents, isoparaffins, and n-paraffin. A... 

A variety of formulations exist for cleaning organics from burners and other fireside areas. Soot, oil, and grease removers are widely available the formulations are often very specific and can be produced in both aqueous and nonaqueous solvent bases. Nonaqueous solvents commonly include petroleum spirit, naphtha, or odorless kerosene. 

Flood with a phenolic disinfectant any biologically contaminated area for 30 to 60 min and then clean up with water and allow to dry. After cleaning up wash hands with a suitable skin disinfectant (such as 0.5% Chlorhexidine in 70% methylated spirit)... 

The language used will be the Queen s English or that subset of it as approved by the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). Where chemical names are concerned there are some lost causes, such as caustic soda, where little would be gained if those who clean factories called this substance sodium hydroxide. Arguably, the name caustic soda conveys more useful information. Similar lost causes are spirits of wine (ethyl alcohol or ethanol) and spirits of salts (hydrochloric acid). While lipid chemists may insist on referring to triacylglycerols many people in industry continue to refer to triglycerides. Similarly trivial names for fatty acids such as lauric will continue to be used. The principle in all of this is to use the proper name but to mention other names that are in common use. 

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