Classification of subjects

It is almost impossible to give a clear-cut compilation of answers to the question of which method or technique should be used for a particular investigation and in what way experimental data should be analyzed. Therefore this section pretends to be only an indication of trends that can be abstracted from the literature, inevitably influenced by the authors personal experiences and convictions. In order to give some structure to our considerations, a global classification of subjects into three fields, electro-analytical chemistry, applied electrochemistry, and fundamental electrochemistry, is made. 

Such classification into subject areas depends on the journal and it can be said that there will be as many classifications of subject areas as the number of journals. In such a case, it is difficult to establish independent areas for human... 

Only since the end of World War II does there seem to have been a general realization of this disorder. Several classifications of subject matter have been prepared, the most thoroughly detailed system of documentation being that proposed by Mikulaschek to the Office International du Cacao et du Chocolat in 1949 51). Based on the Dewey decimal system, it covers confectionery and other allied products as well. It has not yet been accepted by the industry, which seeks something simpler.. Its classification index numerals frequently run to twelve and fourteen integers. Further study, possibly with the F d ration Internationale de Documentation at the Hague, may improve it. It is at present available in French and German. 

Nevertheless as classification principles those which are indicated for the phase rule will not be adopted here for a classification of subjects. These principles are, as... 

For practical and theoretical reasons explained later in 5c (p. 17) the macro-molecular and association colloids will be dealt with separately. This facilitates our task of finding a satisfactory classification of subjects for the former group. As the smallest possible kinetic unit, the macromolecule, already falls within the sphere of colloid science, the classification can be based on the macromolecule, and the systems formed by it. Thereby we make use of the elimination procedure (p. 11 4b) and take into consideration the conclusions at the end of the foregoing subsection. 

The translation of results from animal studies into a useful paradigm in humans has represented a major roadblock in CLA research. In many occasions, very impressive differences between groups found throughout the course of animal experimentation were diluted or absent when human intervention studies were performed. An example of these controversial results was observed when the decrease in body fat observed in humans is significantly less than that anticipated based on the results from animal studies. Terpstra conducted a meta-analysis on the effects of CLA on body composition and plasma lipids. Terpstra accounted for differences in CLA composition/intake, study design, energy intake, and initial BMI between studies to explain differential responses to CLA treatment (62). However, a classification of subjects on the basis of PPAR y and 8 polymorphisms was not considered. We propose that PPAR y and 8 polymorphisms may account for differential responses to CLA treatment. Consequently, subjects could be classified as responders or non-... 

A slight modification to this procedure, proposed by Palmer et al. (2), consists in a double calibration on phantoms representing two classes of subjects, lean and obese. However, classification of subjects, e.g., based upon palpation of the neck, is subjective and thus not reliable. 

Cla.ssifica.tlon, In commerce, several classifications of flavoring and compounded flavorings are Hsted according to composition to allow the user to conform to state and federal food regulations and labeling requirements, as well as to show their proper appHcation. Both suppHer and purchaser are subject to the control of the FDA, USD A, and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (BATF). The latter regulates the alcohoHc content of flavors and the tax drawbacks on alcohol, ie, return of a portion of the tax paid on ethyl alcohol used in flavoring. 

Hair Coloring Regulation Issues. In the United States the classification of color additives is complex. Under the Federal Food, Dmg and Cosmetic Act, all cosmetic colors must be the subject of an approved color additive petition to the Food and Dmg Administration there is an exception for coal-tar colorants used to color hair. Based on the composition of these colorants, FDA can require a certification on each manufactured batch of colorant to assure conformance with the approved specifications. In the early 1990s FDA has required certification only for synthetically derived coal-tar type colors. Many of the approved color additives, both certified and noncertified, are restricted ia their potential use. These restrictions can be found ia the color additive regulations ia the Code of Federal Regulations at 21 CFR 73 and 74. 

If a nonattainment area is classified as serious, based on ambient ozone measurements, then the state must modify its SIP to bring the area into compliance in 9 years. The CAAA90 also specify the size and, therefore, the number of sources subject to regulatory control as a function of nonattainment classification. Table 24-3 illustrates these requirements for ozone nonattainment classifications of extreme and severe the state must include... 

The tubes that are around the flame get most of their heat energs t rom radiation. The tubes in the top of the chamber get their heat from com ec-tion as the hot exhaust gases rise up through the heater and heat ihc process fluid in the tubes. The principal classification of fired heaters relates to the orientation of the heating coil in the radiant section. The tube coils of vertical fired heaters are placed vertically along the walls of the combustion chamber. Firing also occurs vertically from the Hoor of the heater. All the tubes are subjected to radiant energy. 

The use of the older restricted version of the Pauli principle has persisted, however, and is routinely employed to develop the electronic version of the periodic table. Modern chemistry appears to be committing two mistakes. Firstly, there is a rejection of the classical chemical heritage whereby the classification of elements is based on the accumulation of data on the properties and reactions of elements. Secondly, modem chemistry looks to physics with reverence and the false assumption that therein lies the underlying explanation to all of chemistry. Chemistry in common with all other branches of science appears to have succumbed to the prevailing tendency that attempts to reduce everything to physics (11). In the case of the Pauli principle, chemists frequently fall short of a full understanding of the subject matter, and... 

There are three major steps to a patent search. (1) There is the US Patent Classification System that is a sort of subject index to all patents, (2) CASSIS is a computerized software information system provided by the USA patent office, and (3) review the patent that takes time involves the weekly official worldwide gazettes, magazines, etc. There are many ways available to search the patent database in both US and worldwide, but one web that is particularly useful to the novice or occasional searcher is one offered by IBM locate at http //www patents.IBM.com... 

No unifying theoretical concepts have been recognized which can be used to provide satisfactory criteria for the comprehensive classification of the kinetics and mechanisms of reactions involving solids. Thus the scope and treatment of the subject cannot be entirely systematic. General problems encountered during any attempt to review the field include the following. 

More than 50 proteins have been discovered in the cytosol of nonmuscle cells that bind to actin and affect the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments or the cross-linking of actin filaments with each other, with other filamentous components of the cytoskeleton, or with the plasma membrane. Collectively, these are known as actin-binding proteins (ABPs). Their mechanisms of actions are complex and are subject to regulation by specific binding affinities to actin and other molecules, cooperation or competition with other ABPs, local changes in the concentrations of ions in the cytosol, and physical forces (Way and Weeds, 1990). Classifications of ABPs have been proposed that are based on their site of binding to actin and on their molecular structure and function (Pollard and Cooper, 1986 Herrmann, 1989 Pollard et al., 1994). These include the following ... 

Chronology is not the only contentious issue debates over the interpretation of morphological and genetic data are as contentious as that of dating. While the anatomical classification of hominids is often problematic and can take a subjective slant, the dating is in theory objective and absolute. The following examples, which have been selected to illustrate these issues are exemplars of the current debate, and cover the major issues noted above specifically from the perspective of U-series dating. 

It should be noted that the decomposition shown in Eq. 3.7.2 is not necessarily a subdivision of separate sets of spins, as all spins in general are subject to both relaxation and diffusion. Rather, it is a classification of different components of the overall decay according to their time constant. In particular cases, the spectrum of amplitudes an represents the populations of a set of pore types, each encoded with a modulation determined by its internal gradient. However, in the case of stronger encoding, the initial magnetization distribution within a single pore type may contain multiple modes (j)n. In this case the interpretation could become more complex [49]. 

It is obvious, that matrix isolation spectroscopy is the method of choice for the study of carbenes. The large number of carbenes identified by matrix isolation illustrates the strength of this analytical tool, as demonstrated by an excellent review on this topic by Sander et al. in 199314. In this comprehensive article all the work carried out until that date has been summarized. The goal of our review is to report on our own contributions to this field and to complete Sander s overview — taking over his classification of individual carbenes — by results achieved by us in this subject matter during the most recent epoch. 

The microorganisms determined as active biomass constitute a central platform for description of the processes in a sewer. Classification of the microorganisms will, however, not be dealt with as a major subject in this context. But, it is especially important to determine under which redox conditions the microorganisms are active. 

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