Classification of plants

This type of classification is very often used in many areas of science. Figure 30.3 shows a very small part of the classification of plants. Individual species are... 

Botanical Classification of Plants Containing Tropane Alkaloids"... 

Classification based on chemotaxonomy The field of chemotaxonomy attempts to review plant constituents according to plant taxa. Namely, constituents are regarded as markers for evolution as well as the classification of plants. 

DNA profiling is also referred to as DNA fingerprinting and DNA typing. It is used in paternity identification, classification of plants, criminal cases, identification of victims, heredity (of living, recently deceased, and anciently deceased), etc. DNA profiling is a tool that allows comparison of DNA samples. 

Breiteneder, H. and Radauer, C. (2004). A classification of plant food allergens. /. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 113, 821-830. 

The classification of plants is primarily based on the similarities and differences that are displayed by their morphological and anatomical characteristics. In some instances this does not suffice since the morphological differences may not be genetically defined but have been caused by local bio-climatic factors. Nevertheless is apparent that secondary metabolites can contribute to the taxonomy of plants and their systematic evolution. There are many examples of cases where the morphological features are not clear and secondary metabolites serve to clarify the morphological classification (e.g. classification of the tribes of the family Asteraceae). It has also been proved to be significant to use all the secondary metabolites for the above purpose and not only one of their chemical groups [4]. 

Variety A category used in the classification of plants and animals below the species level. A variety consists of a group of individuals that differ distinctly from but can interbreed with other varieties of the same species. The characteristics of a variety are genetically inherited. 

Breiteneder, H. and Ebner, C. 2000. Molecular and biochemical classification of plant-derived food allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 106 27-36. 

The original classification of plants into three categories is now known to be more complex (i.e., there are also short-long-day and long-short-day plants). 

Several plants are common sources of plant fat (lipids). Some of them, for instance, cereals, also contain starch. Scheme 2 presents a classification of plant lipids. 

When gas chromatography became established as an analytical technique, certain classes of metabolite proved particularly amenable to study. These were volatile oils (see monoterpenes), the constituents of leaf surface waxes and, in the form of their methyl esters, the fatty acid components of fixed oils and fats, particularly those occurring in seeds. Structural variation within each of these t)q)es of compound proved to be somewhat less pronounced than with many other groups of metabolites. Nevertheless, the classification of plant families on the basis of the chain length and degree of unsaturation of the predominant fatty acids was proposed (Smith, 1976). 

Whereas LC-MS has been applied in the detection and characterization of other plant natnral prodnets, it was decided to foens on plant phenols, especially flavonoids. A general classification of plant phenols is given in Table 15.1. The application of MS to plant phenol characterization was reviewed [1]. 

Schneider, B., Seemuller, E., Smart, C.D. and Kirkpatrick, B.C. (1995). Phylogenetic classification of plant pathogenic mycoplasma-like organisms or phytoplasmas, In Molecular and Diagnostic Procedures in Mycoplasmology, Vol. I. Molecular Characterization (R.S., Tully (eds) pp. 369-380. Academic Press Inc., San Diego, California, USA. 

QS, like those of other plants, store proteins in the embryo to provide nutrients for growth and development (Herman and Larkins, 1999). In the food area, proteins stored in seeds are the source of the proteins consumed directly as food by humans (Shewry et al., 1995). Stored proteins provide building blocks for rapid growth upon seed and pollen germination (Herman and Larkins, 1999). Osborne (1924) introduced a classification of plant proteins based on their solubility in a series of solvents, such as albumins in water, and globulins in saline. 

A standard classification of natnral prodncts does not exist yet. Given the greater diversity of nses, the myriad of plants, plant prodncts and extracts and application categories for the same material (food, oil, cosmetic, etc.) the same natnral prodnct can be classified nnder different Harmonized System of (HS) Codes. According to the FAO (3), a similar problem exists for NTFPs. Therefore, based on nnmber of research studies, the FAO compiled a possible classification of NTFP in accordance with the HS coding system. The FAO classification of plant prodncts is based on their end use which could be used as criteria in classifying natural products (Table VI). 

The isolation and identification of germacrane lactones from a host of plant sources is an area of continuing interest particularly in the laboratories of Professors Herz and Bohlmann. The search for biologically active compounds and the chemotaxonomic classification of plant species are the two major driving forces for this research. The sub-division of these lactones into germacranolides (479)—... 

Species Scientific classification of plants and animals uses a hierarchy of groups including class, family, and a number of others. Species is a very specific group of organisms that can mate and produce sexually viable offspring. Modern humans belong to the genus Homo and the species sapiens. 

The classification of plants was for a long time based only on the external morphology. 

White JF, Sullivan R, Moy M, Patel R, Duncan R. An overview of problems in the classification of plant-parasitic Clavicipitaceae. Stud Mycol 95-105, 2000. 

Perhaps the earliest origins of the pharmaceutical industry are to be found in the trade involving the root gatherers and the middle men the druggists and the alchemists, well established by Galen s day. From him came a classification of plant materials and, additionally, a long series of complicated plant-based prescriptions for various therapeutic indications. 

Breiteneder H, Radauer C (2004). Molecular mechanisms in allergy and clinical immunology a classification of plant food allergens. J. Allergy Clint Immunol, 113... 

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