Classification, chemical table

Ideal reactors can be classified in various ways, but for our purposes the most convenient method uses the mathematical description of the reactor, as listed in Table 14.1. Each of the reactor types in Table 14.1 can be expressed in terms of integral equations, differential equations, or difference equations. Not all real reactors can fit neatly into the classification in Table 14.1, however. The accuracy and precision of the mathematical description rest not only on the character of the mixing and the heat and mass transfer coefficients in the reactor, but also on the validity and analysis of the experimental data used to model the chemical reactions involved. 

The International Union of Biochemistry has recommended that enzymes have three names, namely a systematic name, which shows the reaction being catalysed and the type of reaction based on the classification in Table A7.1, a recommended trivial name and a four figure Enzyme Commission code (EC code). Nearly all systematic and trivial enzyme names have the suffix -ase. Systematic names show, often in semi-chemical equation form, the conversion the enzyme promotes and the class of the enzyme. Trivial names are usually based on the function of the enzyme but may also include or be based on the name of the substrate. However, some trivial names in current use are historical and bear no relationship to the action of the enzyme or its substrate, for example, pepsin and trypsin are the names commonly used for two enzymes that catalyse the breakdown of proteins during digestion. The Enzyme Commission s code is unique for each enzyme. It is based on the classification in Table A7.1 but further subdivides each class of enzyme according to how it functions. The full code is... 

The tiered approach to hazard classification was evaluated by simulating possible outcomes obtained when a stepwise strategy comprising three alternative tests and one animal test (Figure 18.2) is applied to a heterogeneous set of 51 chemicals (Table 18.7). The decision rules in steps 1 to 3 are based on the CMs for skin corrosion developed above. 

Tables 29 and 30 give data of a systematic sensitivity test by the author and confirm the classification in Table 28. So far as other substances are concerned we may be able to judge the sensitivity from the data relating to similar chemical elements. For example, Paris green, which contains arsenic, is rather sensitive in combination with chlorate.

The medicinal classifications, chemical structures, and generic names of the penicillins currently available are presented in Table 38.5. 

It comes as no surprise that chemists classified materials differently in different practical and commercial contexts. CXu analyses in parts II and III, however, will not focus on these types of differences. Rather, we are mainly concerned with taxonomic diversity in contexts of conceptual or philosophical inquiry, and we will show that even in contexts of predominantly conceptual concerns chemists classified substances in different ways. The most important classificatory difference in the context of conceptual inquiry was classification according to chemical composition versus classification according to perceptible properties and provenance. Qassification of substances according to chemical composition was restricted to a comparatively small range of substances, which were then mapped by chemical tables. The classi-... 

FIGURE 6.1 Reaction profile illustrations of some representative reactions for changes from protic (solid curves) to dipolar-aprotic (dashed) media, showing enthalpy as the ordinate. Using the classification in Table 6.5, cases 6.10 and 6.12 represent balancing situations, and 6.11 represents positively reinforced and 6.13 represents negative transition-state control. Source Buncel and Wilson (1979) Redrawn by permission of the American Chemical Society. 

This is also known as the SIC Code and is assigned for tax and financial purposes. Because the classification can determine if a faciHty falls under certain regulations, it is important to ensure that the classification is correct. The SIC Code consists of four digits, the first two of which show the principal group. Eor chemicals and aUied products, this group is 28. Table 3 Hsts the Industry Group Numbers under this major group. 

A classification by chemical type is given ia Table 1. It does not attempt to be either rigorous or complete. Clearly, some materials could appear ia more than one of these classifications, eg, polyethylene waxes [9002-88 ] can be classified ia both synthetic waxes and polyolefins, and fiuorosihcones ia sihcones and fiuoropolymers. The broad classes of release materials available are given ia the chemical class column, the principal types ia the chemical subdivision column, and one or two important selections ia the specific examples column. Many commercial products are difficult to place ia any classification scheme. Some are of proprietary composition and many are mixtures. For example, metallic soaps are often used ia combination with hydrocarbon waxes to produce finely dispersed suspensions. Many products also contain formulating aids such as solvents, emulsifiers, and biocides. 

The terphenyl—quaterphenyl heat-transfer medium (Table 4), sold as Therminol 75 heat-transfer fluid, is shipped in dmms, tank car, or tank tmck lots. Its U.S. freight classification is Heat-Transfer Media, NOIBN. The material does not requite a DOT ha2ardous material label, but does fall under the ha2ardous chemical criteria of the OSHA Ha2ards Communications Standard (19 CFR 1910.1200). 

Miscellaneous Agents. Those chemotherapeutic agents, which do not fit into any of the classifications discussed, ate Hsted iu Table 7. Mitotane (67), a stmctural isomer of DDT, is used to iaduce chemical adrenalectomies iu patients having adrenal cancer by teduciug host levels of adrenocorticosteroids. 

A number of subdivisions of the maceral groups have been developed and documented by the International Commission on Coal Petrology (14). Table 1 Usts the Stopes-Heeden classification of higher rank coals. Periodic revisions include descriptions of the macerals, submacerals, morphology, physical properties, and chemical characteristics. Theories on the mode of formation of the macerals and their significance in commercial appUcations are also included of Reference 14. 

The classification of dyes according to thek usage is summari2ed in Table 1, which is arranged according to the Cl appHcation classification. It shows the principal substrates, the methods of appHcation, and the representative chemical types for each appHcation class. 

The two most important pieces of chemical control legislation enacted affecting the dye and pigment industries are the United States Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) and EEC s Classification, Packaging, and Labeling of Dangerous Substances and its amendments. Table 2 is a comparison of TSCA and the 6th Amendment of the EEC classifications. 

TABLE 13-20 Hydrogen Bonding Classification of Chemical Families... 

CCPS, 1989b, Process Equipment Reliability Data (Table 4.1-1) is a compilation of chemical and nuclear data. It assesses failure rates for 75 types of chemical process equipment. A taxonomic classification is established and data such as the mean, median, upper and lower (95% and 5%) values, source of information, failure by time and failure by demands are presented. 

TABLE 5.21 Classification of Carcinogenicity of Chemicals According to the International Agency on Research on Cancer... 

---