Civil works buildings

The hours for the Civil Work activities, Concrete, Structural Steel, and Buildings have also been lifted directly from Appendix L, Sections L.9, L.IO, and L.ll. On larger projects deeper activity breakdowns can be prepared with Table 15.2. 

In a normal situation the civil works (foundations, building, etc.) are usually completed before work commences on the erection of machinery. 

Civil works such as roads, foundations, piling, buildings, sewers, ditches, embankments, etc. ... 

Construction cost. 35,000,000 including cost of buildings for the plant, office and other civil works. 

A parallel is often drawn between big hydro-power and nuclear projects, as the former may well be more capital intensive and take longer to build. There is, however, a fundamental difference as far as export credits are concerned, as the civil works for hydro projects are most often financed domestically, and the foreign component of equipment is only delivered in the last years of the construction, making the repa3mient period shorter than for a nuclear power plant. 

Although their delivery to site was not required until after the main civil and building work had been completed, they were nevertheless the first reactor components to be required on site. The time available for their design and construction was therefore comparatively short and, at the same time, their manufacture required a high standard of dimensional accuracy. 

Major items of equipment are normally procured by the EPCM contractor s head office. The EPCM contractor s procurement from the site office is generally limited to minor items purchased locally for speed and convenience. Items issued free by the owner may be special process equipment. For civil works and buildings, the construction contractors normally procure items such as pre-mixed concrete, reinforcing bars, doors, windows, and so forth. Concerning piping contracts, pipes, valves and fittings may be procured either by the... 

This appendix also briefly evokes building works. Structural steelwork is sometimes considered to be part of the civil works scope, but in this handbook it is treated as a distinct discipline (see Appendix E). 

Installation and connection of electrical equipment can only progress once the civil engineering works, buildings and steel structures are substantially complete and mechanical equipment requiring an electricity supply has been erected. Major electrical equipment items concerned include ... 

The civil works constructed on reclaimed land generally include structures (e.g. buildings, storage tanks, bridges), infrastructure (e,g. runways for airports, roads, railways, pipelines/cables), and structures located along the boundary (e,g. quay walls). Each type of structure will have its own interaction with the reclaimed land, usually in terms of required behaviour of the fill mass. 

Steps of procedure for seismic retrofitting and strengthening of buildings and civil works Quality assurance mechanisms applied at each step of the retrofitting procedure Liabilities emerging in case of defects or failures... 

In other words, particularly for construction products and building or civil works, the EU has established a very strict system for quality assurance (codes, standards, etc.). Thus, in case of defects in the works, a causality between defects and code violation can be easily found and liabilities may be determined and justified. 

The construction of a nuclear power station is similar in most respects to that of a station of more conventional type and consists of the various phases of site preparation, basic civil works followed by building steelwork, mechanical and electrical plant installation culminating in plant items and then system testing before final commissioning of the station. Major differences in organization of this work have occurred because of the decision... 

There are occasions when it is more appropriate to appoint a mechanical or electrical firm to be the main contractor. An example would be the laying of a district heating mains, where the largest value and complexity is in mechanical engineering. However, experience shows that not all specialists are geared to this role, and this can cause problems, especially from a main contractor who is more familiar with the role of sub-contractor. Overall, it is recommended that the main contractor be a building or civil engineering firm, unless those works are very small. 

The level of a human civilization, it might be argued, is largely a function of the materials with which it has to work. Nature has provided a bountiful supply of materials, such as mud, stone, and wood. So humans have never suffered for lack of substances with which to build their homes, construct their boats, fashion their weapons, make their tools, design their kitchen implements, and produce the myriad other objects needed for everyday life. 

Early on, people learned how to combine natural materials in a variety of ways to make them more useful. They found that the combination of mud and straw (bricks) was a stronger and more permanent building material than either material by itself. And, thus, one of the first composite materials was born. The importance of societies ability to manipulate natural materials is evident in the fact that the earliest human civilizations have actually been named for the primary substances with which they worked stone, iron, copper, and bronze. 

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