Citrus oils antioxidant activity

These compositional changes usually negatively influence the odor and flavor of citrus peel oils by generating off-flavor products. It has been shown that nonvolatile residues of citrus peel oil contain some compounds that exhibit antioxidative activities, among which permethoxylated flavones, dehydroabietic acid (46), coumarins, and psoralens have been identified (33). In this respect, cold-pressed citrus peel oil is more stable than distilled oil and essence oil, in which most of the natural antioxidants present are left behind when the oil is distilled (1). 

Tocopherol was effective and ascorbic acid ineffective in the protection of citrus oils evaluated by aroma (13). In a typical study, 5 g of orange oil was oxidized in 75-mL open brown bottles at 45°C and was evaluated by a panel after 6 d, at which time it was ranked as off-odor, "terpeney. The peroxide value of the initial oil was zero the oxidized material had a PV of 100. As a result, days to reach 100 PV was used as an endpoint. Comparative antioxidant effects on a number of citrus oils and on D-limonene [cyclohexene, l-methyl-4-(l-methylethenyl)-(R)-5989-27-5] are presented in Table X. BHA is the most active while AP has no activity alone but does synergize with tocopherol. 

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck - laranjeira, laranja Tranquilizer Leaf (infusion or decoction, ingested) Caboclos [57,59] Quilombolas [54] Flavonoids [206,207] essential oils [208,209] phenolic compounds Coumarins, fatty acids [210,201] quinoline alkaloids [211,212] Radical scavenging activity [276] antioxidant activity [277] inotropic effect [278]... 

Giamperi, L., Fratemale, D., and Ricci, D., Essential oil composition and antioxidant activity of peels of Citrus sinensis blood and blond Citrus aurantium, Rivista Italiana EPPOS, 12, 21, 2002. 

Mitoshi, M Kuriyama, I., Nakayama, H., Miyazato, H., Sugimoto, K., Kobayashi. Y. et al. (2012). Effects of essential oils from herbal plants and citrus fruits on DNA polymerase inhibitory, cancer cell growth inhibitory, antiallergic, and antioxidant activity. 60, 11343-11350. 

Ammar, A.H., J. Bouajila, A. Lebrihi et al., 2012. Chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Citrus aurantium L. owers essential oil (Neroli oil). 

Ben Hsouna, A., N. Hamdi, N. Ben Halima, and S. Abdelka, 2013. Characterization of essential oil from Citrus aurantium L. owers Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. 62(10) 763-772. 

Singh, P., R. Shukla, B. Prakash et al., 2010b. Chemical pro le, antifungal, antia atoxigenic and antioxidant activity of Citrus maxima Burm. and Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck essential oils and their cyclic mono-terpene, -limonene. FoodCjwmCTQ j., 48(6) 1734 1740. 

In the course of the determination of the antioxidative activity of the EOs obtained from 34 different citrus species and the main compounds of the oils, among them terpinolene, were investigated for their radical scavenging activity in a DPPH test system. Terpinolene offers a scavenging power of 87%, which was much higher than the antioxidative activity of the standard trolox. Terpinolene also showed a relative lipid peroxidation rate of 18%, which is an indication of a superior antioxidative activity, because the relative lipid peroxidation rate offered by the well-known and often used antioxidant a-tocopherol was about 30%. 

Song, H.S., H. Ukeda, and M. Sawamura, 2001. Antioxidative activities of citrus peel essential oils and their components against hnoleic acid oxidation. FoodScl Technol Res., 7(1) 50-56. 

Citrus peel oils may also be used for their antioxidative, antitumor, and radicalscavenging activities. The radical-scavenging ability of citrus peel oil may help prevent free radical-induced and various chronic diseases (48, 55, 56). Monoterpenes from volatile components and polymethoxylated flavones from nonvolatile residues have been reported to be effective inhibitors of tumor cell growth, implicating that citrus peel oils may be good cancer preventive food additives (57-59). Furthermore, citrus peel oils are useful to alleviate pain from burnt skin (60). Demonstrating anxiolytic and sedative effect, they could also be used in primary medical care against insomnia, anxiety, and epilepsy (61). 

Femandez-Lopez et al., (2005) evaluated the antioxidant and antibacterial effect of orange and lemon extracts in cooked Swedish-style meatballs in comparison with rosemary and garlic extracts. They found that the application of citrus extracts and rosemary improved the acceptability of the product. Activity in a lard system was estabhshed for all the extracts and further determination of the development of rancidity measured as TBARS consistently showed that about 50% of rancidity can be controlled by the citrus preparations, while water-soluble and oil-soluble rosemary extracts were more effective, almost completely eliminating rancidity. They concluded that the apphcation of orange and lemon extracts could serve to control the development of rancidity and off-flavors, and could have additional effects such as water binding. 

Edris AE (2007) Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential oils and their individual constituents a review. Phytother Res 21 308-323 El-Baroty GS, El-Baky HH, Earag RS et al (2010) Characterization of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds of cinnamon and ginger essential oils. African J Biochem Res 4 167-174 Espina L, Somolinos M, Loran S et al (2011) Chemical composition of commercial citrus fruit essential oils and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity acting alone or in combined processes. Food Control 22 896-902... 

---