Literature Cited

The actual mechanisms for the formation of the glycosidic bond(s) between the two or more monosaccharide residues cannot be accomplished by the simple Fischer type of synthesis that is used for the formation of the alcohol glycosides. Nature uses relatively elaborate, enzymatically catalyzed reactions with high-energy, activated monosaccharide units (sometimes di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharide units) to achieve the synthesis of these combined monosaccharides (see Chapter 10 for some of these biological syntheses). 

Polarimetry, Saccharimetry and the Sugars, (Circular of the National Bu reau of Standards, C440) pp. 192-381, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. (1942). 

Robyt and W. J. Whelan, Starch and Its Derivatives, p. 432, Chapman Hall, London (1968). 

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These equations lead to fomis for the thermal rate constants that are perfectly similar to transition state theory, although the computations of the partition functions are different in detail. As described in figrne A3.4.7 various levels of the theory can be derived by successive approximations in this general state-selected fomr of the transition state theory in the framework of the statistical adiabatic chaimel model. We refer to the literature cited in the diagram for details. 

Although the field of gas-phase kinetics remains hill of challenges it has reached a certain degree of maturity. Many of the fiindamental concepts of kinetics, in general take a particularly clear and rigorous fonn in gas-phase kinetics. The relation between fiindamental quantum dynamical theory, empirical kinetic treatments, and experimental measurements, for example of combustion processes [72], is most clearly established in gas-phase kmetics. It is the aim of this article to review some of these most basic aspects. Details can be found in the sections on applications as well as in the literature cited. 

In this chapter we shall first outline the basic concepts of the various mechanisms for energy redistribution, followed by a very brief overview of collisional intennoleciilar energy transfer in chemical reaction systems. The main part of this chapter deals with true intramolecular energy transfer in polyatomic molecules, which is a topic of particular current importance. Stress is placed on basic ideas and concepts. It is not the aim of this chapter to review in detail the vast literature on this topic we refer to some of the key reviews and books [U, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, and 32] and the literature cited therein. These cover a variety of aspects of tire topic and fiirther, more detailed references will be given tliroiighoiit this review. We should mention here the energy transfer processes, which are of fiindamental importance but are beyond the scope of this review, such as electronic energy transfer by mechanisms of the Forster type [33, 34] and related processes. 

Other polymers, such as poly methacrylates, have been studied, as well as esters of naturally occurring polysaccharides. References can be found in the literature cited in the list of further reading. 

In some reports Gallionella have been associated with manganese and iron deposits that also contain chloride. It has been postulated that deep undercut pits on stainless steels (especially at welds) containing such deposits are indirectly caused by these bacteria, since the iron-manganese deposition can be accelerated by Gallionella. In spite of numerous literature citings, however, evidence for stainless steel... 

The reflectivity for this simple case can be extended readily to more complex situations where there are concentration gradients in single films or multilayers comprised of different components. Basically the reflectivity can be calculated from a simple recursion relationship that effectively reduces any gradients in composition to a histogram representing small changes in the concentration as a function of depth. Details on this can be found in the literature cited. ... 

Burger, K In Organophosphorus Reagents in Organic Synthesis, Cadogan, J I G., Ed, Academic London, 1979, p 492 and literature cited therein... 

Regitz, M, Heydt, H In 7 3-Dipolar Cycloadditton Chemistry, Padwa A, Ed, Wiley New York, 1984, p 393 and literature cited therein... 

Boger, D L,Wemreb, S N Hetero Diels-Alder Methodology in Organic Synthesis, Academic Press San Diego, 1987, p 94 and literature cited therein... 

Janz, G J In 1,4 Cycloaddition Reactions, Hamer, J, Ed, Academic Press New York, 1967, p 98 and literature cited therein... 

One of us (F.H.) thanks the Libyan Government for financial support. Literature Cited... 

Table 2 shows the empirical solvent parameters for the same solvents as Table 1. They are taken from Refs. [15], [29], [35], or [27] and the literature cited therein.

Despite the results from various experiments such as transference number measurements, polarographic studies, spectroscopic measurements, and dielectric relaxation studies in addition to conductivity measurements, unilateral triple-ions remain a matter of debate. For experimental examples and other hypotheses for the interpretation of conductance minima the reader is referred to Ref. [15] and the literature cited there. 

Table 10 shows a collection of typical battery electrolytes, their conductivities at various temperatures, the concentration of the salt, and references. More examples can be found in Ref. [15] and the literature cited therein... 

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