Circulation of blood

This electrolyte plays a vital role in the acid-base balance of the body. Bicarbonate may be given IV as sodium bicarbonate (NaHC03) in the treatment of metabolic acidosis, a state of imbalance that may be seen in diseases or situations such as severe shock, diabetic acidosis, severe diarrhea, extracorporeal circulation of blood, severe renal disease, and cardiac arrest. Oral sodium bicarbonate is used as a gastric and urinary alkalinizer. It may be used as a single drug or may be found as one of the ingredients in some antacid preparations. It is also useful in treating severe diarrhea accompanied by bicarbonate loss. 

Such clots—also known as emboli—present a serious hazard by their potential for blocking circulation of blood to vital organs. The considerable research devoted to agents that will lyse the fibrin in clots has led to the development of the clinically useful agent, uj-okinase. This drug is a fibrinolytic proteinaceous enzyme isolated from human urine. The difficulty involved in isolation of significant amounts and the antigenicity of urokinase and a related... 

Nevertheless, a specific targeting has not yet been achieved. For the most part liposomes are accumulated in the RES and are removed too fast out of the circulation of blood. 

The onset of drug action with intravenous injection is quick, and this method is especially useful for emergency cases. However, intravenous injection is potentially the most dangerous. Once a drug is injected, there is no means to stop it from circulating throughout the body. The complete circulation of blood in the body takes about a minute, and hence an adverse reaction can occur almost instantaneously. 

Muscle makes up 40-50% of body mass. It is the tissue which allows one to move the limbs, which is utilized in articulating the joints of the skeleton. On closer examination all the muscles in the human body show biochemical specialization allowing them to perform their particular physiological functions the muscles in the back and buttocks evolved for continuous heavy lifting where fuel economy is important. The eyeballs are steered by extraocular muscles when reading they must contract quickly and precisely. The hollow viscera often require a slow steady squeeze to function properly. The heart muscle must provide continuous circulation of blood for transport of oxygen and nutritive substances. The different muscles in the body can be divided in three main types, which are described in the following. 

Figure 1.16 A general plan of circulation of blood in a human. For details of the hepatic portal vein, see Chapter 6.

Regular exercise not only keeps the body healthy hut is also good for the skin. Exercise promotes the circulation of blood throughout the body and... 

Metabolic acidosis In severe renal disease uncontrolled diabetes circulatory insufficiency due to shock, anoxia, or severe dehydration extracorporeal circulation of blood cardiac arrest and severe primary lactic acidosis where a rapid increase in plasma total CO2 content is crucial. Treat metabolic acidosis in addition to measures designed to control the cause of the acidosis. Because an appreciable time interval may elapse before all ancillary effects occur, bicarbonate therapy is indicated to minimize risks inherent to acidosis itself. 

In elderly people, the Qi, blood and essence are no longer strong, the movement of Qi and the circulation of blood are not smooth, the digestion of food and the metabolism of water become slow, and the mood is often unstable. Consequently, herbs should be prescribed with extra care. 

When Spleen-Qi is not able to control circulation of blood in the blood vessels, a large bleed that is light in color may occur. 

Treatment principle Nourish the Liver-blood promote the free flow of Liver-Qi and the smooth circulation of blood... 

Hong Hua is pungent and warm, and enters the Heart and Liver meridians. It has a dispersing nature and can promote the circulation of blood in the whole body and stop pain. It is also often used in a general condition of blood stagnation. 

William Harvey (who discovered the circulation of blood) wrote When insects do swarm extraordinarily and when. .. agues (especially quartans) appear early as about midsummer, then autumn proves very sickly. 15... 

The result of formate accumulation is metabolic acidosis. However, at later stages, the acidosis may also involve the accumulation of other anions such as lactate. This may be a result of inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and hence of mitochondrial respiration, tissue hypoxia due to reduced circulation of blood, or an increase in the NADH/NAD ratio. The acidosis that results from methanol poisoning will result in more formic acid being in the nonionized state and hence more readily able to enter the CNS. This will cause central depression and hypotension and increased lactate production. This situation is known as the "circulus hypoxicus."... 

Once the nutrients enter the bloodstream, they are transported to various parts of the body for vital body functions. Nutrients are used to maintain essential functions such as breathing, circulation of blood and muscle movement, replacement of worn-out cells (maintenance), growth, reproduction and egg production. 

Circulation of blood occurs by the action of a beating heart and is also influenced by conditions in the remainder of the vascular system. Heartbeat involves both electrical (nerve impulse) and mechanical (heart muscle contraction and relaxation) events. Some toxicants can adversely affect these finely coordinated actions. Adverse effects such as bradycardia (decreased pulse rate), tachycardia (increased rate), and arrhythmia (irregular pulse) can result. 

Modem science has learned that, ultimately, life is a molecular phenomenon All organisms are made of molecules that act as the nuts and bolts, gears and pulleys of biological systems. Certainly there are complex biological features (such as the circulation of blood) that emerge at higher levels, but the gritty details of life are the province of biomolecules. Therefore the science of biochemistry, which studies those molecules, has as its mission the exploration of the very foundation of life. 

Ischemic Heart disease inadequate circulation of blood to the heart muscle. 

We will start with the French physicist and physician, Jean Poiseuille, who was interested in the circulation of blood in the body. This led him to study the flow of liquids . through capillaries—pipes with a very fine diameter. He summarized his experimental results in an equation we call Poiseuille s law, where the rate of flow of fluid (volume/ sec) is directly proportional to the pressure and inversely proportional to the viscosity (Equation 12-40) ... 

K being a constant, the fluidity ( ). Bingham does not think the name Hagen-Poiseuille law should be used, since Poiseuille published his first paper on the circulation of blood ten years before Hagen s paper appeared, and worked steadily on the subject, publishing a series of papers until 1847. Newton and Stokes and others antedate Poiseuille and have a greater claim than Hagen. ... 

Hepatic resistance Various areas of resistance can regulate the circulation of blood in the liver (i.) arterioles of the hepatic artery, (2.) arterioles in the region of the splanchnic vessels, (i.) presinus-oidal portal venules, (4.) sinusoids and postsinusoidal sections of vessels, and (5.) portosystemic collaterals. 

Backward-flow hypothesis This primarily requires an increase in hepatic vascular resistance. The subsequently reduced circulation of blood in the liver is compensated by increased circulation in the splanchnic vessels. 

Although fish dine on a wide assortment of food, most species are predators whose mouths contain small teeth for grasping prey. Nutrients from digested food are distributed through the body by a system of closed blood vessels. The circulation of blood is powered by a muscular two-chambered... 

Mammals are warmblooded vertebrates that have hair and breathe air. All females of this group have milk-producing mammary glands with which to feed their young. Mammals also have a diaphragm that pulls air into the lungs and a four-chambered heart for efficient circulation of blood. The teeth of mammals are specialized by size and shape for particular uses. 

Injectable products are sterile liquid drug preparations that are administered parenterally, i.e. introduced into the patient s body through the skin. Although injections are a relatively recent form of therapy, the history of the development of the technique can be traced back to the early seventeenth century. William Harvey described the circulation of blood in 1616, and later attributed death caused by snake bites to the distribution of the poison throughout the body via the blood. 

Alginic sodium diester (ASD) is made from sodium alginate extracted from seaweed. It is an important medicine in China, and is widely used to cure ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and hyperlipemia, based on its functions of reducing viscosity, resisting coagulation and improving circulation of blood. 

The circulation of blood was discovered and reported by W. Harvey, in 1628. Figure 14.1 is a simplified diagram showing the main flows of blood in the human body. The heart consists of four compartments, but for simplicity we can consider the heart as a combination of two blood pumps, the right heart and the left heart. 

Flowing fluids are ubiquitous in Nature, from large scale atmospheric winds and oceanic currents to the circulation of blood or flow around microorganisms swimming in a liquid media. Fluid motion is also important in industrial processing and affects the motion of vehicles (cars, aircrafts etc.). In this chapter we briefly review the basic concepts and fundamental laws describing the motion of fluids. More details can be found in fluid dynamics textbooks (see, e.g. Batchelor (1967), Lamb (1932), Landau and Lifschitz (1959), Tritton (1988)). 

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