Evaporation studies

Chloroform can enter your body if you breathe air, eat food, or drink water that contains chloroform. Chloroform easily enters your body through the skin. Therefore, chloroform may also enter your body if you take a bath or shower in water containing chloroform. In addition, you can breathe in chloroform if the shower water is hot enough for chloroform to evaporate. Studies in people and in animals show that after you breathe air or eat food that has chloroform in it, the chloroform can quickly enter your bloodstream from your lungs or intestines. Inside your body, chloroform is carried by the blood to all parts of your body, such as the fat, liver, and kidneys. Chloroform usually collects in body fat however, its volatility ensures that it will eventually be removed once the exposure has been removed. Some of the chloroform that enters your body leaves unchanged in the air that you breathe out, and some chloroform in your body is broken down into other chemicals. These chemicals are known as breakdown products or metabolites, and some of them can attach to other chemicals inside the cells of your body and may cause harmful effects if they collect in high enough amounts in your body. Some of the metabolites also leave the body in the air you breathe out. Only a small amount of the breakdown products leaves the body in the urine and stool. 

Chylek et al. (1983) showed that, by comparing experimental resonance spectra with spectra computed using Mie theory, the size and refractive index of a microsphere can be determined to about one part in 10. Numerous investigators have used resonance spectra to determine the optical properties of microspheres since Ashkin and Dziedzic observed resonances. A recent example is the droplet evaporation study of Tang and Munkelwitz (1991), who measured the vapor pressures of the low-volatility species dioctyl phthalate (DOP), glycerol, oleic acid, and methanesulfonic acid (MSA). This... 

Middlebrook, A. M., M. A. Tolbert, and K. Drdla, Evaporation Studies of Model Polar Stratospheric Cloud Films, Geophys. Res. Lett, 23, 2145-2148 (1996). 

Miinnich, K. O., W. B. Clarke, K. H. Fisscher, D. Flothmann, B. Kromer, W. Roether, U. Siegenthaler, Z. Top, and W. Weiss, Gas exchange and evaporation studies in a circular wind tunnel, continuous radon-222 measurements at sea, and tritium/helium-3 measurements in a lake . In Turbulent Fluxes Through the Sea Surface, Wave Dynamics and Predictions, H. Favre and K. Hasselmann, Eds., Plenum, New York, 1978, pp. 151-165. 

Table VI. Composition of Sierra Spring Water Used in Evaporation Study (3)...

Mattai, J., Froebe, C.L., Rhein, L.D. et al. Prevention of model stratum corneum lipid phase transition in vitro by cosmetic additives-differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy, and water evaporation studies. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 1993, 44 89-100. 

Second law entropies were calculated by the review as discussed in Appendix A from the evaporation studies summarised in Table V-40. The second laws values agree well with the value calculated from molecular data. 

Sletmoes evaporation studies with mixtures of solvent blends and alkyd resins offered only guideline comparisons between expected equilibrium vaporization and his experimental results. His data provide an excellent basis for evaluating the use of ASOG in quantitatively predicting compositional fates during alkyd wet-drying. 

For comparison with other evaporation studies, it is noteworthy that the data presented in Fig. 21 was obtained with a temperature approach of 1.7°C at the continuous-phase outlet, and that the pentane feed entered the nozzles subcooled by some 1.5°C. A reduction in the free-rising stream line zone is feasible with superheated dispersed-phase feeds and closer approach temperatures. This would greatly increase the volumetric transfer coefficient which is inversely proportional to the temperature driving-force and the optimal column height. 

In agreement with the single-drop evaporation studies, no significant effects of the temperature difference on the heat-transfer coefficient were observed in the narrow temperature range studied. An attempt to isolate these effects is presently underway, especially since the temperature driving-force was found to affect the initial and final liquid content of the bubble (SI 1) as well as the volumetric coefficient (W9). 

Fig. 16.1 Results of Knudsen and Langmuir [22] evaporation studies of Sn02 and the molar enthalpies of the corresponding sublimation reactions calculated by the second-law method...

Table 10.2, Equation 10.7 was shown to correlate the cumulative evaporation data from a controlled human forearm evaporation study involving 11- and 12-component fragrance mixtures (Vuilleumier et al., 1995) with values of 0.80 and 0.73, respectively (Saiyasombati and Kasting, 2003b). The compounds tested and their physical properties are shown in Table 10.1, and the correlations are shown in Figure 10.2. The corresponding estimated percentage absorption, calculated as % abs(< ) = 100 - % evap(oo), is shown in Figure 10.3.

Evaporation studies were carried out for both a chemical ionisation and an El ion source and in each case the products were extracted and determined by a computer-... 

Here, I present evaporation studies of microscopic water drops on solid surfaces, and I will show how it is possible to simultaneously measure surface forces, the mass, and the vaporization heat of a drop. 

DDD is less volatile than DDT and DDE laboratory evaporation studies gave a relative ratio of volatilization of 10 3.3 1 for DDE DDT DDD, respectively (Singmaster, 1975). The calculated half-life of DDT ranges from a few hours to several weeks and that of DDD will be about one-third of DDT s value (Versar, 1979). Laboratory evaporation experiments using pure water, water from San Francisco Bay, the American River, and the Sacramento River at a water evaporation rate of 3.6 0.2 ml h yielded the following half-lives for the volatilization of DDE 0.67, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.9 hours, respectively (Singmaster, 1975). 

Based on evaporation studies, Tsukano (1973) claimed that there was a loss of 100%, 75%, 25%, and 25% of a-, y-, -, and 5-BHC isomers, respectively, in a 2-week period, where the water loss was about 80%. In contrast, Ernst (1977), from data on control aquaria in bioaccumulation studies, showed a quantitative recovery of a- and y-isomers of BHC. Oloffs and Albright (1974) also claimed a slow volatilization for lindane. 

Fowler, V. L., and Perona, J. J., Evaporation Studies on Oak Ridge National Laboratory Liquid Low Level Waste, ORNL/TM-12243, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1990. 

K.K. Nanda, Bulk cohesive energy and surface tension from the size-dependent evaporation study of nanoparticles. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(2), 021909 (2005)... 

Spalding number Adimensionless number, B, used in liquid droplet evaporation studies. It relates the sensible heat and latent heat of the evaporated material ... 

Turner, J. F. 1966. Evaporation study in a humid region. Lake Michie, North Carolina, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof Pap. 272-G. 

---