Cingulate cortex

Cingulate cortex Septal nuclei Occipital cortex Parietal cortex... 

In that and subsequent studies (Kosofsky 1985 Blue et al. 1988a), a distinct laminar pattern of innervation was found in somatosensory cortex, and a quite different pattern in the cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and dentate gyrus, where there are distinct bands of highly varicose axons. In the primate, the 5-HT innervation of cerebral cortex is denser and more highly differentiated among different architectonic and functional areas (Kosofsky et al. 1984 Morrison et al. 1982 Morrison and Foote 1986 Wilson and Molliver 1986 Wilson et al. 1989). For example, marked differences in the density and distribution of 5-HT axons are found in the macaque on either side of the central sulcus, in primary motor and somatosensory cortex while... 

Kitt, C.A. Walker, L.C. Molliver. M.E. and Price, D.L. Serotoninergic neurites in senile plaques in cingulate cortex of aged nonhuman primate. Synapse 3 12-18, 1989. 

Figure 12.1 Extracellular adenosine concentrations in different brain areas, measured with in vivo microdialysis from cats during sleep deprivation (6 h gentle handling) and recovery sleep. Concentrations are given as a percentage of pre-deprivation values. BF, basal forebrain CX, cingulate cortex TH, VA/VL nucleus of thalamus POA, preoptic hypothalamic area DRN, dorsal raphe nucleus PPT, pedunculopontine nucleus. In BF and CX adenosine rises during sleep deprivation, but starts to decline during deprivation in CX, whereas the decline occurs during recovery in the BF. In other areas there is no accumulation during sleep deprivation. Modified from Porkka-Heiskanen et al. (2000).

Stark, A. K., Uylings, H. B., Sanz-Arigita, E. and Pakkenberg, B. Glial cell loss in the anterior cingulated cortex, a subregion of the prefrontal cortex, in subjects with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 161 882-888, 2004. 

Hirayasu, Y., Shenton, M. E., Salisbury, D. F. etal. Subgenual cingulate cortex volume in first-episode psychosis. Am. J. Psych. 156 1091-1093,1999. 

Functional imaging studies (Ch. 58) in human addicts have found that cue-elicited craving is associated with activation of the amygdala, the anterior cingulate cortex, the orbitofrontal cortex, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [18]. Activation of other regions has been reported less consistently. The amygdala is critical for associative... 

Yucel, M., Wood, S. J., Phillips, L. J. et al. Morphology of the anterior cingulate cortex in young men at ultra-high risk of developing a psychotic illness. Br. J. Psychiat. 182 518-524, 2003. 

Minoshima, S., Giordani, B., Berent, S. et al. Metabolic reduction in the posterior cingulate cortex in very early Alzheimer s disease. Ann. Neurol. 42 85-94,1997. 

C. L. Beasley, K. Pennington, A. Behan, R. Wait, M. J. Dunn, and D. Cotter. Proteomic Analysis of the Anterior Cingulated Cortex in the Major Psychiatric Disorders Evidence for Disease-Associated Changes. Proteomics, 6(2006) 344-3425. 

Cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism Nicotine increases cerebral blood flow (Hara et al. 1993 Yokoi et al. 1993). Functional MRI of smokers who were administered intravenous nicotine shows increases of cerebral blood flow in several areas of the brain. Corresponding to feelings of mood elevation, nicotine activates the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, cingulate cortex, and frontal lobes. This activation is very consistent with functional systems subserving arousal and reinforcement. 

Increases in cerebral blood flow elicited from stimulation of the basal forebrain are mediated by nicotinic and not muscarinic receptors (Linville et al. 1993). During an attention task, nicotine increases cerebral blood flow to the the anterior cingulate cortex, cerebellum, and occipital cortex, supporting its role in activating attentional systems (Ghatan et al. 1998). 

FIND Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, ACC anterior cingulate cortex PFC prefrontal cortex NR not reported Data shown for FIND and pack-years are means for the smokers Pack-years = packs of cigarettes smoked per day x number of years smoked... 

Batch DM, Braver TS, Akbudak E, Conturo T, Olhnger 1, Snyder A (2001) Anterior cingulate cortex and response conflict effects of response modality and processing domain. Cereb Cortex ll(9) 837-848... 

PET positron emission tomography, IV intravenous, nic nicotine, ACC anterior cingulate cortex, occ ctx occipital cortex, PFC prefrontal cortex, thal thalamus,/Mf / functional magnetic resonance imaging... 

Brody AL, Mandelkern MA, Lee G, Smith E, Sadeghi M, Saxena S, Jarvik ME, London ED (2004) Attenuation of cue-induced cigarette craving and anterior cingulate cortex activation in bupropion-treated smokers a preliminary study. Psychiatry Res 130 269-281 Brower VG, Fu Y, Malta SG, Sharp BM (2002) Rat strain differences in nicotine self-administration using an unlimited access paradigm. Brain Res 930 12-20 Bruijnzeel AW, Markou A (2003) Characterization of the effects of bupropion on the reinforcing properties of nicotine and food in rats. Synapse 50 20-28... 

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