Occipital cortex

CYP2E1 mRNA detected in cerebellum, frontal cortex, occipital cortex, pons, red nucleus, and substantia nigra of human brain by RT-PCR (Farin and Omiecinski, 1993). 

Staley et al. (2006) 16 Smokers 16 nonsmokers 5 lA-SPECT Recent abstinence t Striatum, parietal cortex, frontal cortex, anterior dngulated, temporal cortex, occipital cortex, cerebellum... 

Prefrontal cortex Anterior cingulate Temporal cortex Occipital cortex Ant cingulate cortex... 

Visual fields retina-optic nerve-optic cortex occipital lobe... 

Children with fatal Pb poisoning Autopsy brain samples Hippocampus > frontal cortex >> occipital white matter, pons Okazaki et al. (1963)... 

Rooibos tea Aspalathus linearis) Chronic 21 mo Drinking water Rat Normal aging Reduced TBA reactive substance formation in frontal cortex, occipital cortex, hippocanqrus, and cerebellum [134]... 

Pradhan S, Pandey N, Phadke RV, et al. 1997. Selective involvement of basal ganglia and occipital cortex in a patient with acute endosulfan poisoning. J Neurol Sci 147(2) 209-213. 

Cingulate cortex Septal nuclei Occipital cortex Parietal cortex... 

The second cluster of neurons lies more caudally, near the pons, in the pedunculo-pontine (PPT) and laterodorsal tegmental (LDT) nuclei (see Fig. 22.6) and could be regarded as part of the ARAS (see McCormick 1992). It innervates the non-specific thalamic nuclei as well as some more specific ones like the lateral geniculate nucleus (visual pathway), the pontine reticular formation and occipital cortex. Because long... 

Named for the bones of the cranium under which they lie, the lobes are conspicuously defined by prominent sulci of the cortex, which have a relatively constant position in human brains. Each lobe is specialized for different activities (see Figure 6.3). Located in the anterior portions of the hemispheres, the frontal lobes are responsible for voluntary motor activity, speaking ability, and higher intellectual activities. The parietal lobes, which are posterior to the frontal lobes, process and integrate sensory information. The occipital lobes, located in the posterior-most aspects of the cerebrum, process visual information, and the temporal lobes, located laterally, process auditory information. 

Textbooks on neuroscience often describe the location and function of hundreds of individual brain regions (see references above). However, for current purposes these will be kept to a minimum (Figure 2.1). Anatomically, the brain can be subdivided into the forebrain containing the telencephalon and diencephalon, the midbrain or mesencephalon and the hindbrain (metencephalon and myelencephalon). The telencephalon includes the left and right cerebral hemispheres encompassed by the cerebral cortex (neocortex). Cortex is a translation of the word bark and is so-called because its surface, made up of numerous sulci (grooves or invaginations) and gyri (raised areas), is on the outer surface of the brain like the bark of a tree. Each hemisphere is divided into four lobes, named from the front (rostral) to back (caudal) of the brain frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital. 

Functional neuroimaging studies suggest that frontal and occipital brain areas are integral to the anxiety response. Patients with panic disorder may have abnormal activation of the parahippocampal region and prefrontal cortex at rest. Panic anxiety is associated with activation of brain stem and basal ganglia regions. GAD patients have an abnormal increase in cortical... 

The cerebrum is composed of four lobes covered by cerebral cortex frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital (figure 2.9). The cortical surface... 

Increases in cerebral blood flow elicited from stimulation of the basal forebrain are mediated by nicotinic and not muscarinic receptors (Linville et al. 1993). During an attention task, nicotine increases cerebral blood flow to the the anterior cingulate cortex, cerebellum, and occipital cortex, supporting its role in activating attentional systems (Ghatan et al. 1998). 

A SPECT imaging study of mescaline showed a hyperfrontal pattern in cerebral blood flow, with greater increases on the right side (Hermie et al. 1992). Increases are also seen in inferior temporal cortex and the hippocampus. Decreases in cerebral blood flow occur in occipital and parietal cortical regions. 

Scopolamine increases cerebral blood flow to lateral occipital cortex bilaterally and to the left orbitofrontal region (Grasby et al. 1995). Decreases are seen in the right thalamus, precuneus, and lateral premotor areas bilaterally. When normal subjects are chronically administered scopolamine, there is a 12% increase in cerebral blood flow on single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), but a decrease in cerebral muscarinic binding (Sunderland et al. 1995). On the other hand, acute administration dose-dependently reduces cortical blood flow, which is maximal in frontal cortex (Gitelman and Prohovnik 1992 Prohovnik et al. 1997). 

CYP26A1 mRNA in human cerebellum, less in cerebral cortex, medulla, occipital pole, frontal lobe, and temporal lobe (White et al., 2000). 

MRS has also been used to measure effects of alcohol abuse and smoking on NAA, Glu, and GABA in the occipital cortex (Mason et al. 2006). The occipital cortex was selected because of its sensitivity to alcohol and for greater ease of MRS acquisition. Twelve alcohol-dependent men (seven smokers, live nonsmokers) were tested twice in the first month of sobriety (after 1 week and 1 month), and compared to eight healthy men (five smokers, three nonsmokers) who were scanned once. In the initial scan, alcohol-dependent smokers exhibited lower GABA than alcohol-dependent nonsmokers. At the second scan, alcohol-dependent nonsmokers, but not alcohol-dependent smokers, exhibited an abstinence-related decrease in GABA, rendering... 

Smoking-related images elicited greater activation in ventral striatum and nucleus accumbens in smokers than nonsmokers. Among smokers, smoking-related cues produced bilateral activation in the ACC, OFC, SFG, and occipital cortex. 

---