Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease inflammation

Bracke, K.R. et al. (2007) CC-chemokme receptors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Inflamm Allergy Dn Targets, 6, 75-79. 

Other disorders of the lower respiratory tract include emphysema (lung disorder in which the terminal bronchioles or alveoli become enlarged and plugged with mucus) and chronic bronchitis (chronic inflammation and possibly infection of die bronchi). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is die name given collectively to emphysema and chronic bronchitis because die obstruction to die airflow is present most of the time. Asdima diat is persistent and present for most of die time may also be referred to as COPD. 

Aging (skin and other tissues), myocardial infarct or stroke, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, pulmonary disorders (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases), radiation injury, organ transplant rejection, psoriasis, hypertension, AIDS, multiple types of cancer, neuro-degenerative diseases (Parkinson s), diabetes, muscular dystrophy... 

The TP receptor requires the G/G protein to activate the Src-Ras-ERKl/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2) cascade to induce the proliferative response, which in turn promotes the rapid nuclear translocation of activated ERKl/2 (201). Because TP receptor may be activated by many inflammatory mediators (202-204), these findings suggest new therapeutic strategies that alter the ASM hypertrophy or hyperplasia observed in the chronic airflow obstruction and airway inflammation that characterizes asthma, chronic bronchitis, bronchiolitis obliterans, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 

COPD is a progressive obstruction of the airways as a consequence of small airway disease and emphysema.It is the fourth leading cause of death in developed countries. Chronic inflammation and regulated air supply in the airway are amplified in case of COPD. Decreased activity of histone deacetylase is observed in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ... 

Joos GF, DeSwert KO, Schelfhout V, Pauwels RA. 2003. The role of neural inflammation in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann NY Acad Sci. 992 218-230. 

Fabbri LM, Romagnoli M, Corbetta L, Casoni G, Busljetic K, Turato G, Ligabue G, Ciaccia A, Saetta M, Papi A. Differences in airway inflammation in patients with flxed airflow ohstruction due to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2003 167 418-424. 

Varner A, Busse W 1996 Are you undertreating inflammation in asthma Journal of Respiratory Disease 17 656-668 Viel L 1999 Therapeutic efficacy of inhaled fluticasone propionate in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In Proceedings of the 45th American Association of Equine Practitioners Annual Convention, Albuquerque, NM, pp. 306-307 Votion D, Ghafir Y, Munsters K et al 1997 Aerosol deposition in equine lungs following ultrasonic nebulisation versus jet aerosol delivery system. 

Patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease take prescription medication to ease the symptoms of COPD. These include bronchodilators (dilates bronchial tubes), steroids (reduces inflammation), leukotriene-modifiers (reduce inflammation and decrease bronchoconstriction). 

The two most prevalent chronic inflammatory lung diseases are asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These diseases are a major and increasing global health problem. Both asthma and COPD share some clinical features, such as increased airway obstruction, mucous hypersecretion, acute exacerbations and respiratory symptoms. Asthma and COPD are identified by the presence of chronic inflammation of the airways, which is controlled by the increased expression of inflammatory proteins, including cytokines, chemokines, receptors, enzymes and... 

Cigarette smoking is associated with airway inflammation and the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A variety of... 

A team at Hoffmann-La Roche, in 2013, reported the application of this reaction as a key step in an efficient large-scale synthesis (about 3 kg) of a naphthylacetic acid CRTH2 receptor (involved in inflammation events, and thus important therapeutically for the treatment of asthma, allergic inflammation, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis) antagonist, which is a naphthylacetic acid (Scheme 1.57) [180]. This whole process was scaled up to produce over 2 kg of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). 

Barnes PJ. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2000 343 269-280. Vignola AM, Chanez P, Campbell AM, Souques F, Lebel B, Enander I, Bousquet J. Airway inflammation in mild intermittent and in persistent asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998 157 403-409. 

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