Chromium daily intake

In the past, chromium analysis of foods has not been routine, at least partially because of methodological problems such as the need to avoid stainless steel blenders and knives in sample preparation. Therefore, little is known about regional variations in chromium concentrations in foods. In one study, the mean chromium daily intake for males was 33 3 pg (range 22-48 pg), and intake for females was 25 1 pg (range 13-36 pg) (Anderson and Kozlovsky 1985). Chromium concentration of 22 well-balanced diets ranged from 8.4 to 23.7 pg per 1000 kcal, with a mean of 13.4 ... 

Normal dietary intake 30-100 pg total chromium daily 5... 

J. P. Buchet, R. Lauwerys, A. Vandevoorde, J. M. Pycke, Oral daily intake of cadmium, lead, manganese, copper, chromium, mercury, calcium, zinc, and arsenic in Belgium duplicate meal study, Food Chem. Toxicol., 21 (1983), 19-24. 

There is no evidence for any toxic effects of chromium(III), which is an essential trace element in mammals (required daily intake 50-200 /tg) and participates in glucose and lipid metabolism. In the low-molecular-weight Cr binding substance (LMWCr), an oligopeptide, a tetranuclear Crm carboxylate complex may be present.44... 

Chromium is a trivalent cption that occurs as A typical daily intake isO-5 3-8 jimoJ (25-200 ig/day). After absorption from the diet, chromium occurs bound to transferrin. A safe and adequate intake of 50 to 200 ffg Cr/day has been established. Chromium appears to participate in glucose metabolism. The ion may play a part in mediating the hormonal effects of insulin. Chromium deficiency results in abnormally high glucose tolerance curves and impaired clearance of plasma glucose. Chromium deficiency can be induced in animals. There is evidence that... 

In Belgium, human breast milk was found to have a chromium content of 0.18 pg L thereby providing a daily intake of -0.1 pg. Babies consuming infant formulas had daily intakes of between 2 and 10 pg chromium (Deelstra et al. 1988), these values being similar to those seen in the U.S. (Anderson etal. 1993). 

Recommended dietary allowances for a male adult (daily intake, in foods and food supplements) of some nutrients, usually the amounts estimated as needed to prevent overt manifestation of deficiency disease in most persons. For the substances listed in smaller amounts the optimum intake, leading to the best of health, may be somewhat greater. Not shown, but probably or possibly required, are the essential fatty acids, />aminobenzoic acid, choline, vitamin D, vitamin K, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, vanadium, tin, and silicon. 

RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE OF CHROMIUM. A normal healthy adult loses about 1 meg (microgram) of chromium daily in his/her urine. The dietary intake of chromium needed to replace this loss ranges from 4 meg of GTF-chromium in brewers yeast (as much as 25% of this form may be absorbed) to 200 meg of chromium from an inorganic salt (as little as 0.5% of this form may be absorbed). 

The general population is exposed to chromate by eating food, drinking water and inhaling air that contains the chemical. The average daily intake of chromium, generally in the form of Cr(III), from air, water, and food is estimated to be less than 0.2 to 0.4 micrograms (pg) from air, 2.0 pg from water, and 60 pg from food, respectively. ... 

The total body content of chromium is estimated to be 6 to 10 mg. The recommended safe limit for daily chromium intake by adult is 0.05 to 0.2 mg. 

Daily urinary excretion levels of chromium were nearly identical in men and women (averages of 0.17 and 0.20 pg/L, respectively 0.18 pg/L combined) who ate normal dietary levels of chromium ( 60 pg chromium(III)/day). When the subjects normal diets were supplemented with 200 pg chromium(in)/day as chromium trichloride to provide intakes of 260 pg chromium(ni)/day, urinary excretion of chromium rose proportionately to an average of 0.98 pg/L combined. Thus a five-fold increase in oral intake resulted in about a five-fold increase in excretion, indicating absorption was proportional to the dose regardless of whether the source was food or supplement (Anderson et al. 1983). A group of 23 elderly subjects who received an average of 24.5 pg/day (0.00035 mg chromium(III)/kg/day) from their normal diets excreted 0.4 pg chromium/day in the urine (1.6%) and 23.9 pg chromium/day in the feces (97.6%), with a net retention of 0.2 pg/day (0.8%). Based on the 1980 daily requirement for absorbable chromium of 1 pg/day by the National Academy of Science Food and Nutrition Board, the retention was considered adequate for their requirements (Bunker et al. 1984). 

No MRLs were derived for oral exposure to chromium(VI) or chromium(III). The available data on reproductive and developmental effects are insufficient or too contradictory to establish acute-, intermediate-, or chronic-duration oral NOAELs or LOAELs which are both used in the uncertainty factor approach to derive MRL values. However, the upper range of the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake (ESADDI) of 200 pg chromium/day (0.003 mg/kg/day for a 70 kg individual) (NRC 1989) has been adopted as provisional guidance for oral exposure to chromium(VI) and chromium(in). This guidance is necessary because of the prevalence of chromium at hazardous waste sites, the fairly complete database, and the fact that chromium is an essential nutrient. 

Chromium(III) is an essential nutrient required for maintaining normal glucose metabolism. The NRC established estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes (ESADDIs) of 10-80 pg/day for children aged 1-3 years 30-120 pg/day for children aged 4-6 years, and 50-200 pg/day for children aged 7 years or older (NRC 1989). These recommendations were derived by extrapolating the adult ESADDI value of 50-200 pg/day on the basis of expected food intake. 

Due to contamination from a metal plating facility, the water from a nearby community water supply well was shown to contain cyanide at a concentration of 20 pg/L, nickel at 95 pg/L, and chromium(III) at 10,200 pg/L. If the daily water intake is assumed to be 0.2L, and the body weight of an adult is 70kg, do these noncarcinogenic chemicals pose a health hazard ... 

Copper is recognized as an essential metalloelement like sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, chromium, vanadium and manganese [1]. Like essential amino acids, essential fatty acids and essential cofactors (vitamins), essential metalloelements are required for normal metabolic processes but cannot be synthesized de novo and daily dietary intake and absorption are required. The adult body contains between 1.4 mg (22 pmol) and... 

Clara R and Eylenbosch W (1988) Daily chromium intake by infants in Belgium. Acta Paediatr Scand 77 402-407. 

O Flaherty EJ (1994) Comparison of rference dose with estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake for chromium. In Mertz W and Abernathy CO, eds. Risk Assessment of Essential Elements, pp. 213—218. ILSl Press, Washington, DC. 

An Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirements of half of the healthy individuals in a group. EARs have not been established for vitamin K, pantothenic acid, biotin, choline, chromium, fluoride, manganese, or other nutrients not yet evaluated via the DRI [cocess... 

---