Chromatograph, schematic

Figure 2.1—A typical gas chromatograph. Schematic of the gas chromatograph and photograph of a Model 6890-GC with programmable carrier gas pressure. The instrument shown here is equipped with an auto-samplei (reproduced by permission of Hewlett-Packard). Example of a GC-separalion.

Figure 20. SFC chromatograph (schematic mob = mobile phase stat = stationary phase C — column In = injector D = detector Th = thermostat R = recorder Comp = computer see [13]).

Common Symbols Used in Gas and Liquid Chromatographic Schematic Diagrams... 

In gas chromatography (GC) the sample, which may be a gas or liquid, is injected into a stream of an inert gaseous mobile phase (often called the carrier gas). The sample is carried through a packed or capillary column where the sample s components separate based on their ability to distribute themselves between the mobile and stationary phases. A schematic diagram of a typical gas chromatograph is shown in Figure 12.16. 

Schematic diagram of a high-performance liquid chromatograph.

FIG. 22-87 Schematic illustration of the chromatographic methods most commonly used in downstream processing for protein recovery... 

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the chromatographic separation (A) and the fluorescence scan (B) of a sugar mixture containing 1 pg substance per chromatogram zone. Lactose (1), fructose (2), arabinose (3), xylose (4), rhamnose (5), mixture (G).

Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the chromatographic separation of carboxylic acids. Maleic acid (1), pimelic acid (2), succinic acid (3), benzoic acid (4), malic acid (5), tartaric acid (6), lactic acid (7), stearic acid (8), arachidic acid (9), suberic acid (10), mixture (M).

Figure 2.2 Schematic representation of an on-column interface. The eluent leaving the HPLC detector enters the valve and in the stand-hy position, leaves it to go to waste. When the valve is switched on, the eluent is pumped through the transfer line into the inlet of the on-column injector. The liquid floods the capillary wall, thus creating a layer that will retain the solutes. Evaporation occurs from the rear pait of the solvent so refocusing the chromatographic hand. At the end of the transfer, the valve is switched off, and the eluent again flows to waste.

Figure 8.17 depicts MD-PC performed on three different types of stationary phase (6). The three grafted chromatographic plates (Figure 8.17(a)) are clamped in lap-joint fashion with the edges of their stationary phases in close contact. The manner in which the three plates are prepared and the separation which can theoretically be achieved are also apparent from the schematic diagrams in Figures 8.17(b-d), in which the most polar stationary phase is phase A and the least polar is stationary phase C . 

Figure 10.4 shows a schematic representation of the multidimensional GC-IRMS System developed by Nitz et al. (27). The performance of this system is demonstrated with an application from the field of flavour analysis. A Siemens SiChromat 2-8 double-oven gas chromatograph equipped with two FIDs, a live-T switching device and two capillary columns was coupled on-line with a triple-collector (masses 44,45 and 46) isotope ratio mass spectrometer via a high efficiency combustion furnace. The column eluate could be directed either to FID3 or to the MS by means of a modified Deans switching system . 

FIGURE 4 A schematic representation of the arrangement in a gas chromatograph. The coiled column, which is packed with the stationary phase, may be as long as 100 m. 

The schematic diagram of the experimental setup is shown in Fig. 2 and the experimental conditions are shown in Table 2. Each gas was controlled its flow rate by a mass flow controller and supplied to the module at a pressure sli tly higher than the atmospheric pressure. Absorbent solution was suppUed to the module by a circulation pump. A small amount of absorbent solution, which did not permeate the membrane, overflowed and then it was introduced to the upper part of the permeate side. Permeation and returning liquid fell down to the reservoir and it was recycled to the feed side. The dry gas through condenser was discharged from the vacuum pump, and its flow rate was measured by a digital soap-film flow meter. The gas composition was determined by a gas chromatograph (Yanaco, GC-2800, column Porapak Q for CO2 and (N2+O2) analysis, and molecular sieve 5A for N2 and O2 analysis). The performance of the module was calculated by the same procedure reported in our previous paper [1]. 

Now we are going to demonstrate mixed lateral interactions for the two different AB. .. B systems (the first composed of acid and ketone and the second composed of alcohol and ketone) and to discnss their impact on separation performance when using mild chromatographic cotrditiotrs (i.e., the low-active adsorbent and the low-polar eluent). As the binary test systems, we selected the 2-phenylbutyric acid-benzophenone mixture of analytes (i.e., acid and ketone) and the 5-phenyl-l-pentanol-benzophenone mixture of analytes (i.e., alcohol and ketone). Mixed associative dimers composed of the two pairs of analytes are schematically given in Figure 2.17. 

Figure 3.1 Schematic diagram of the principal components of a gas chromatograph. The bold line shows the path taken by sample and carrier gas resulting in the production of a chromatogram. The thin lines represent support and contr functions.

Figure 6.10 Schematic diagram of a supercritical fluid chromatograph.

A schematic diagram of a chromatograph for SFC is shown in Figure 6.10. In general, the instrument components are a hybrid of components developed for gas and liquid chromatography that have been subsequently modified for use with supercritical fluids. Thus, the. fluid delivery system is a pump modified for pressure control and the injection system a rotary valve similar to components used in liquid chromatography. The column oven and... 

Figure 8.23 Schematic diagrew of an on-line two coliimn multidimensional liquid chromatograph. (Reproduced with permission from reference 293. Copyright Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.)...

---