Common Symbols

TABLE 1 Symbol Common Symbols and Units Physical quantity SI unit... 

By definition, a numerical matrix is a rectangular array of numbers (termed elements ) enclosed by square brackets [ ]. Matrices can be used to organize information such as size versus cost in a grocery department, or they may be used to simplify the problems associated with systems or groups of linear equations. Later in this chapter we will introduce the operations involved for linear equations (see Table 2-1 for common symbols used). 

Table 2-1 Common symbols used in matrix notation...

Table II-3-1. Common Symbols Used in Karyotype Nomenclature...

The equilibrium constant (commonly symbolized describing the dissociation of a compound into two or more compounds, ions, or atoms. For the reaction A -t B = A-B, the dissociation constant is [A][B]/[A-B]. The dissociation constant is the reciprocal of the association constant and the negative logarithm of the is the pT d ... 

The dissociation constant for a Brpnsted acid (commonly symbolized K ) is [H+] [A ]/[HA], where HA is the undissociated acid and A represents the conjugate base. In aqueous solutions, water participates in this equilibrium. However, since the concentration of water is large and essentially constant, it has been incorporated into the constant The negative logarithm is referred to as the p/ a for the acid. 

A quantity (commonly symbolized by V) for the work needed to bring a unit positive charge to that point in space from an infinite distance. Thus, V = dw/dQ where w is the work and Q is the electric charge. The SI unit for electric potential is the volt (V). The electric potential difference, also measured in volts and symbohzed by U, Ay, or Acb, is equal to the difference in potential between two points U = V2 as measured by the work needed to transfer a unit positive charge from one point to the other. See also Electromotive Force... 

The amount of energy obtained from an electrical source per unit of electric charge. The SI unit for electromotive force (commonly symbolized by ) is the volt or V. The electromotive force is equal to J (F/Q)-ds where F is... 

A ratio equal to the product of the concentrations of all products at equilbrium divided by the product of the concentrations of all reactants. The equilibrium constant is most commonly symbolized by i eq-... 

Cp - Cy equals [P + (dU/dV)T](dV/dT)p. The dUldV term is often referred to as the internal pressure and is large for liquids and solids (See Internal Pressure). Since ideal gases do not have internal pressure, Cp - Cy = nP for ideal gases. The ratio of the heat capacities, Cp/Cy, is commonly symbolized by y. 

A constant in the Arrhenius equation and commonly symbolized by A It is also referred to as... 

The substance or reactant being acted upon by a catalyst. The substrate is often symbolized by S in one-substrate reactions. In multisubstrate reactions, the substrates are commonly symbolized by A, B, C, etc. 2. The base or foundation upon which an organism lives or grows. 3. The substance or compound of particular interest, with which a reaction with some other chemical reagent is under study. 

The Flemish painter David Ryckaert s portrait of an alchemist (Figure i6) combines the untidy desk littered with vanitas symbols, the vase (here containing not urine, but the coming-to-form of a homunculus), and the wife. Like Madame de Lavoisier, the wife peers over the shoulder of her seated husband. In Ryckaert s work, the alchemist wears an expression of horror. The glass contains a little man, or perhaps the devil. The wife raises her hand in dismay. Meanwhile, in the corner, a child blows a pig s bladder, a common symbol of futility. 

Other salts of N-methylpyridinium-2-formyl oxime are identified by the abbreviation 2-PAH followed by the common symbols for elemental anions (such as 2-PAM I for the iodide) or the names of organic anions (such as 2-PAM tartrate). Other salts of N.N -trimethyl-ene-bis (4-formylpyridinlum oxime) are identified by appending the designation for the anion to the abbreviation TMB-4. 

Enter the exponent of 10 through the keyboard If the exponent is negative, also press the "change sign key (common symbols are CHS and +/-) It is important that you don t press the - key (i e, the subtract key)... 

TABLE 1 Common Symbols and Units for Physical Quantities (continued)... 

In a Thought Experiment, the junction is disassembled (Fig. 6.32) by division through the insulator and the two halves are first treated as electrically isolated objects. In the ensuing equations, we use the common symbol for the work function of a material. There are three electron work functions to be considered that of palladium 0pd, that of an arbitrary metal which does not interact with hydrogen 0m, and that of silicon 0su The insulator is considered to be ideal which means that it does not contain mobile charges. Therefore, it does not have a defined Fermi level. Because the two halves are not connected, their energy levels are in an arbitrary undefined position with respect to each other. On the other hand, metal M and palladium (as well as the M and silicon) form ohmic junctions, meaning that the... 

Let us begin by defining some key terms. For a given reaction A—>B, the conversion of A (denoted with a Greek letter chi, Xa) is the number of molecules of A that have reacted up to time t. Similarly, the yield (there is no common symbol... 

The partition ratio is also called the capacity factor, and another common symbol is k . 

Use simple, common symbols that would not be confused with each other and would be readily available in any publishing house, for example, O, , , , A, A, V, , O, , +, x, Yr, and . (Even if you provide a legend within the figure, you may wish to refer to the symbols in your text.)... 

Some of the more common descriptors with their common symbols are listed in Tables 1-3. The section on Examples of LEER Equations illustrates and explains some of these. Because of the need for consistency in this chapter, the symbols used here might not always match those used in the original articles. Nonetheless, we have endeavored to retain their meaning as faithfully as possible. Descriptors, along with their symbols, often tend to evolve as their application changes. 

Common symbols and conventions used in organic chemistry are listed on the inside back cover. 

TDI - A common symbol for toluene diisocyanate, particularly the 80-20 isomer blend (3). 

Arise from a H atom, covalently bonded to either an N, O, or F atom in one molecule, strongly attracted to a lone pair of electrons on an N, O, or F atom in another molecule Art strongest when the three atoms are in a straight line and the distance between terminal atoms is within a particular range Common symbol for the H bond is three dots ... 

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