Cholesterol content reduction

Adverse reactions include weight gain, edema, increase of total cholesterol and reduction in haemoglobin content. 

The solubility of cholesterol in bile is determined by the relative proportions of bile acids, lecithin, and cholesterol. Although prolonged ursodiol therapy expands the bile acid pool, this does not appear to be the principal mechanism of action for dissolution of gallstones. Ursodiol decreases the cholesterol content of bile by reducing hepatic cholesterol secretion. Ursodiol also appears to stabilize hepatocyte canalicular membranes, possibly through a reduction in the concentration of other endogenous bile acids or through inhibition of immune-mediated hepatocyte destruction. 

In all our linewidth studies the width of the central peak was measured—i.e., the linewidth obeying Equation lib. In Ref. 45 we reported 23Na linewidth studies on a lamellar mesophase containing egg-yolk lecithin. The effect of cholesterol on the linewidth was investigated, and we found that with increasing cholesterol content in the phospholipid bilayers a marked reduction in the linewidth was observed. In accordance with similar investigations for simple soap-alcohol-water lamellar mesophases (42, 43) this is interpreted as a partial release of... 

The initial cholesterol content of the powder was 3%wt. After extraction at 290 bar the cholesterol content was reduced to l,3%wt. For extraction pressures between 450 and 850 the cholesterol content was reduced to 0,56%wt. respectively 0,33%wt. Above 500 bar the mass transfer is better but not as high as expected, the same is valid for the reduction of cholesterol which is similar between 600 and 850 bar. 

A typical American diet contains about 40% of its total energy content as fat. About half this energy is in the form of saturated fatty acids, one-fourth as monounsatu-rated fatty adds, and one-fourth as polyunsaturated fatty adds (PUFAs) (Ginsberg et dl., 1990). The quantity and nature of dietary fats carx influence the lex. d of plasma cholesterol. A reduction in total fat from the typical 40% of energy intake to 30% can result in a decrease in plasma cholesterol. 

Cholesterol is utilized in formation of membranes (Chapter 10), steroid hormones (Chapters 30,32, and 34), and bile acids. 7-Dehydrocholesterol is required for production of vitamin D (Chapter 37). Under steady-state conditions, the cholesterol content of the body is maintained relatively constant by balancing synthesis and dietary intake with utilization. The major consumer of cholesterol is formation of bile acids, of which about 0.8-1 g/day are produced in the liver and lost in the feces. However, secretion of bile acids by the liver is many times greater (15-20 g/day) than the rate of synthesis because of their enterohepatic circulation (Chapter 12). Cholesterol is also secreted into bile, and some is lost in feces as cholesterol and as coprostanol, a bacterial reduction product (about 0.4-0.5 g/day). Conversion of cholesterol to steroid hormones and of 7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D and elimination of their inactive metabolites, are of minor significance in the disposition of cholesterol, amounting to approximately 50 mg/day. A small amount of cholesterol... 

Mohamed RS, Saldana MDA, Socantatype FH, Kieckbusch TG. Reduction in the cholesterol content of butter oil using supercritical ethane extraction and adsorption on alumina. J Supercrit Fluids 2000 16 225-233. 

Cholesterol effect. Natural biological membranes consist of lipid bilayers, which typically comprise a complex mixture of phospholipids and sterol, along with embedded or surface associated proteins. The sterol cholesterol is an important component of animal cell membranes, which may consist of up to 50 mol% cholesterol. Cholesterol thickens a liquid-crystalline bilayer and increases the packing density of lipid acyl chains in the plane of the bilayer in a way that has been referred to as a "condensing effect". Increasing cholesterol concentration leads to a drastic reduction of the main transition enthalpy, A// , until at cholesterol contents higher than 30 - 50 mol% the main transition vanishes. 

The consequence of inhibiting intestinal cholesterol absorption is a reduction in the incorporation of cholesterol into chylomicrons. The reduced cholesterol content of chylomicrons diminishes the dehvery of cholesterol to the hver by chylomicron remnants. The diminished remnant cholesterol content may decrease atherogenesis directly, as chylomicron remnants are very atherogenic hpoproteins. hi experimental animal models of remnant dyslipidemia, ezetimibe profoundly diminished diet-induced atherosclerosis. 

Westermann (1991) has given an overview of cholesterol contents and different reductive factors. More promising are procedures by which the cholesterol content can be reduced by approximately 60% by supercritical C02-extraction (Froning et al., 1990). This technical procedure is only successful with egg yolk powder, where the lipid content decreases by about 30%, and primarily in TAG. Due to this process, phospholipid contents are concentrated. With this method, it is possible also to remove neutral lipids. The cholesterol contents can be reduced by means of extraction procedures with different solvent mixtures, adsorption procedures, and by inclusion... 

There was also a significant reduction in the cholesterol content of the surimi prepared from each meat type, but this was mainly due to the reduction in fat content. At the optimum process temperatures for fat reduction, 85% cholesterol was removed from beef MSM, 91% from pork MSM and 93% from chicken. Final levels of cholesterol were 50 mg/kg for beef and 20 mg/kg for pork and chicken surimi. 

The use of the system to reduce the cholesterol content of butterfat has been developed (Anon., 1989). It was considered that eventually the cholesterol level in butterfat could be reduced by 90%. Currently, reductions of 15% have been achieved commercially using a single-stage extraction, and reductions of 30% have been achieved with a multi-stage process. 

Elkin, R.G. and Rogler, J.C. (1990) Reduction of the cholesterol content of eggs by the oral administration of lovastatin to laying hens. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38, 1635-1641. 

Table 10.37. Effects of a 90% reduction of cholesterol in butter oil on the cholesterol content of recombined milk and its products...

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term for positional (9,11 and 10,12) and geometric (trans,cis cisjrans cis,cis and trarts,tram) isomers of octadecadienoic acid (Cl8 2) with a conjugated double bond. Synthetic CLA, prepared from linoleic acid by alkaline isomerization, exhibits potent anticarcinogenic activities in several carcinogen-induced animal models 1-4) and cytotoxicities for several cancer cell lines (5-5). Other biological activities, such as immune stimulation (P), body fat reduction 10,11 modulation of cholesterol content 12) and growth stimulation 13) were also reported. 

Niacin (vitamin B3) has broad applications in the treatment of lipid disorders when used at higher doses than those used as a nutritional supplement. Niacin inhibits fatty acid release from adipose tissue and inhibits fatty acid and triglyceride production in liver cells. This results in an increased intracellular degradation of apolipoprotein B, and in turn, a reduction in the number of VLDL particles secreted (Fig. 9-4). The lower VLDL levels and the lower triglyceride content in these particles leads to an overall reduction in LDL cholesterol as well as a decrease in the number of small, dense LDL particles. Niacin also reduces the uptake of HDL-apolipoprotein A1 particles and increases uptake of cholesterol esters by the liver, thus improving the efficiency of reverse cholesterol transport between HDL particles and vascular tissue (Fig. 9-4). Niacin is indicated for patients with elevated triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, and elevated LDL cholesterol.3... 

Brydon and Roberts- added hemolyzed blood to unhemolyzed plasma, analyzed the specimens for a variety of constituents and then compared the values with those in the unhemolyzed plasma (B28). The following procedures were considered unaffected by hemolysis (up to 1 g/100 ml hemoglobin) urea (diacetyl monoxime) carbon dioxide content (phe-nolphthalein complex) iron binding capacity cholesterol (ferric chloride) creatinine (alkaline picrate) uric acid (phosphotungstate reduction) alkaline phosphatase (4-nitrophenyl phosphate) 5 -nucleotidase (adenosine monophosphate-nickel) and tartrate-labile acid phosphatase (phenyl phosphate). In Table 2 are shown those assays where increases were observed. The hemolysis used in these studies was equivalent to that produced by the breakdown of about 15 X 10 erythrocytes. In the bromocresol green albumin method it has been reported that for every 100 mg of hemoglobin/100 ml serum, the apparent albumin concentration is increased by 100 mg/100 ml (D12). Hemolysis releases some amino acids, such as histidine, into the plasma (Alb). 

---