Chlorocresols

Many derivatives of phenol are now made by a synthetic process. Homologous series of substituted derivatives have been prepared and tested for antimicrobial activity. A combination of alkyl substitution and halogenation has produced useful derivatives including clorinated phenols which are constituents of a number of proprietary disinfectants. Two ofthe most widely used derivatives are/ -chloro-m-cresol (4-chloro-3-methylphenol, chlorocresol, Fig. 10.7C) which is mostly employed as a preservative at a concentration of 0.1%, and / -chloro-m-xylenol (4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol, chloroxylenol. Fig. 10.7C) which is used for skin disinfection, although less than formerly. Chloroxylenol is sparingly soluble in water and must be solubihzed, for example in a suitable soap solution in conjunction with terpineol or pine oil. Its antimicrobial capacity is weak and is reduced by the presence of organic matter. 

Fig. 11.9 Isobologram ( - ) drawn from minimum growth inhibitory concentrations (MIC values) of chlorocresol and phenylmercuric acetate used alone and in combination against Staph, aureus, showing synergy. A, result if combination was merely additive B, result if combination was antagonistic.

Examples of preservatives are phenylmercuric nitrate or acetate (0.002% w/v), chlorhexidine acetate (0.01 % w/v), thiomersal (0.01 % w/v) and benzalkorrium chloride (0.01 % w/v). Chlorocresol is too toxic to the comeal epithehum, but 8-hydroxyquinoline and thiomersal may be used in specific instances. The principal considerahon in relation to antimicrobial properties is the activity of the bactericide against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a major source of serious nosocomial eye infections. Although benzal-konium chloride is probably the most active of the recommended preservatives, it cannot always be used because of its incompatibility with many compounds commonly used to treat eye diseases, nor should it be used to preserve eye-drops containing anaesthetics. Since benzalkonium chloride reacts with natural mbber, silicone or butyl rabber teats should be substituted. Since silicone mbber is permeable to water vapour, products should not be stored for more than 3 months after manufacture. As with all mbber components, the mbber teat should be pre-equilibrated with the preservative prior to... 

Substances that have been used as preservatives for disperse systems include chlorocresol, chlorobutanol, benzoates, phenylmercuric nitrate, parabens, and others [76,77]. The use of cationic antimicrobial agents such as quaternary ammonium compounds (e.g., benzalkonium chloride) is contraindicated in many cases because they may be inactivated by other formulation components and/or they may alter the charge of the dispersed phase. Clay suspensions and gels should be adequately preserved with nonionic antimicrobial preservatives. The use of preservatives is generally limited to products that are not intended for parenteral use. Intravenous injectable... 

Related substance present in good number of official drugs may be determined by GLC method, for instance Bromopheneramine maleate Bronopol Cepahloridine Chlorocresol Chloroform Chloroxylenol., Cindamycin hydrochloride Griseofulvin Isometheptene mucate Levomenthol ... 

Bemardini G, Spinelli O, Presuitti C, et al. 1996. Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of the pesticide MCP and its contaminants phenol and chlorocresol. Environ Toxicol Chem 15 754-760. 

Synonyms AI3-00075 Aptal Baktol Baktolan BRN 1237629 Candaseptic Caswell No. 185A CCRIS 1938 p-Chlor-/ 3-cresol Chlorocresol 4-Chlorocresol p-Chlorocresol 4-Chloro-/ 3-cresol 6-Chloro-/ 3-cresol 4-Chloro-l-hydroxy-3-methylbenzene 2-Chlorohydroxytoluene 2-Chloro-5-hydroxytoluene 4-Chloro-3-hydroxytoluene 6-Chloro-3-hydroxytoluene 4-Chloro-3-methyl-phenol /5-Chloro-3-methylphenol CMK EINECS 200-431-6 EPA pesticide chemical code 064206 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol NSC 4146 Ottafact Parmetol Parol PCMC Peritonan Preventol CMK Raschit Raschit K Rasenanicon RCRA waste number U039 UN 2669. 

Chlorocresol, see y Chloro-ro-cresol p-Chlorocresol, see y Chloro-ro-cresol 4-Chloro-ro-cresol, see />Chloro-/n-cresol 6-Chloro-ro-cresol, see / Chloro /n-cresol Chlorodane, see Chlordane Chloroden, see 1,2-Dichlorobenzene Chlorodibromomethane, see Dibromochloromethane l-Chloro-2,3-dibromopropane, see l,2-Dibromo-3-chlor-... 

Chlorocresol is a preservative commonly used in injections and its determination often involves the use of laborious extraction procedures in order to separate it from formulation components, followed by spectrophotometric measurement. A FIA method for chlorocresol was developed by utilising its reaction with nitrous acid to form a coloured nitro compound. The method was accurate to 99.5% of the true value of chlorocresol in a formulation and a precision of 1% was achieved. ... 

Chlorocresol Antimicrobial preservative, disinfectant, (not oral) Calcium chloride, codeine phosphate, diamorphine hydrochloride, papaveretum, and quinine hydrochloride... 

Biocides most often found in the indoor environment are chlorinated hydrocarbons like chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, lindane, heptachlor and methoxychlor, pyrethroids like cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, and permethrin, organophosphates like chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dichlorvos, isofenfos, and malathion, carbamates like ben-diocarb, carbaryl and propoxur and chlorophenols like pentachlorophenol (PCP), chlorocresol (4-chloro-3-methylphenol) and o-phenylphenol. Residues formed in house dust may vary in different countries (Butte, 2003), but biocides like chlorpyrifos, DDT, methoxychlor, permethrin, pentchlorophenol and propoxur seem to be the active compounds in biocide formulations even in different continents, as they are found equally in house dust samples form Germany and the USA (Becker et al., 2002 Butte, 2003 Camann, Colt and Zuniga, 2002). Concentrations of biocides in house dust are mostly in the milligram per kilogram range, they seldom exceed a microgram per cubic meter in indoor air. 

Hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone-17-valerate, hydrocortisone-17-butyrate, betamethasone-17-valerate, clobetasol- 17-propionate and preservatives (parabenes, benzyl alcohol, sorbic acid, chlorocresol) Innovatech SCX/C18, Hypersil ODS-1, ODS-2, 3 pm... 

Benzylpenicillin is incompatible with rubber products and metal ions. Stability is affected by alcohols, surfactants, oxidizing and reducing agents, macrogols and other hydroxy compounds, glycerol, glycols, some paraffins and ointment bases, preservatives such as chlorocresol or thiomersal, blood and blood products, and antibacterials such as amphotericin, cephalosporins, and vancomycin. Injections of benzylpenicillins and aminoglycosides should be administered separately. 

Diamorphine Hydrochloride Diamorphine interacts with mineral acids and alkalis and with chlorocresol. Concentration-dependent precipitations were observed in mixtures of diamorphine hydrochloride with cyclizine and haloperidol, and color changes were observed with mixtures containing metoclopramide and diamorphine.44... 

Morphine Sulfate Morphine sulfate precipitates in alkaline media and drugs that are incompatible with it, including aminophylline, sodium salts of barbiturates, and phenytoin. Precipitate was found after 2 horns when morphine sulfate was formulated with acyclovir sodium.70 Incompatibilities also are reported with chlorpromazine hydrochloride injections containing chlorocresol. Admixture of morphine sulfate (1 mg/mL), doxorubicin in doxorubicin hydrochloride... 

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