Density, chlorine

Other carbon containing species, although present in very small amounts, can also provide important information regarding the photochemistry and dynamics of the middle atmosphere. These species will not be presented here in detail, but we note, for example, that measurements of lower stratospheric ethane ( 2He and propane C3H8 have been used to deduce atomic chlorine densities there (Rudolph... 

With different gases, under the same conditions, any difference in the value of vnJvQ must be due to the different densities of the gases. The mean of a series of experiments with chlorine (density, 35 5), carbon dioxide (density, 22), and ozone (density, ), gave the following for the value of this ratio — C02, 0 29 Ozone, 0 271 Cl2, 0 227. 

Condensing chlorine washes hydrate from the tubes as it forms. Since it is lighter than chlorine (density of 1.23 vs 1.5-1-), hydrate floats on the liquid accumulating in the shell. Unless it is removed, it can eventually restrict flow or even plug the equipment. Because the quantities involved are small, it is not rare for a chlorine liquefaction plant to operate for long periods with occasional shutdowns for cleanout. 

Figure 3, Wavepacket dynamics of the photodissociation of NOCl, shown as snapshots of the density (wavepacket amplitude squared) at various times, The coordinates, in au, are described in Figure b, and the wavepacket is initially the ground-state vibronic wave function vertically excited onto the 5i state. Increasing corresponds to chlorine dissociation. The density has been integrated over the angular coordinate. The 5i PES is ploted for the geometry, 9 = 127, the ground-state equilibrium value,...

Because carbon is sp hybridized m chlorobenzene it is more electronegative than the sp hybridized carbon of chlorocyclohexane Consequently the withdrawal of electron density away from carbon by chlorine is less pronounced m aryl halides than m alkyl halides and the molecular dipole moment is smaller... 

Properties. The DPXs are all crystalline soHds melting points and densities are given in Table 1. Their solubiUty in aromatic hydrocarbons is Limited. At 140°C, the solubiUty of DPXN in xylene is only about 10%. DPXC is more readily soluble in chlorinated solvents, eg, in methylene chloride at 25°C its solubihty is 10%. In contrast, the corresponding figure for DPXN is 1.5%. 

Dichloroacetic acid [79-43-6] (CI2CHCOOH), mol wt 128.94, C2H2CI2O2, is a reactive intermediate in organic synthesis. Physical properties are mp 13.9°C, bp 194°C, density 1.5634 g/mL, and refractive index 1.4658, both at 20°C. The Hquid is totally miscible in water, ethyl alcohol, and ether. Dichloroacetic acid K = 5.14 X 10 ) is a stronger acid than chloroacetic acid. Most chemical reactions are similar to those of chloroacetic acid, although both chlorine... 

Chlorine, a member of the halogen family, is a greenish yellow gas having a pungent odor at ambient temperatures and pressures and a density 2.5 times that of air. In Hquid form it is clear amber SoHd chlorine forms pale yellow crystals. The principal properties of chlorine are presented in Table 15 additional details are available (77—79). The temperature dependence of the density of gaseous (Fig. 31) and Hquid (Fig. 32) chlorine, and vapor pressure (Fig. 33) are illustrated. Enthalpy pressure data can be found in ref. 78. The vapor pressure P can be calculated in the temperature (T) range of 172—417 K from the Martin-Shin-Kapoor equation (80) ... 

Fig. 31. Density of gaseous chlorine as a function of temperature at various pressures. To convert kPa to psig, multiply by 0.145 and subtract 14.6. (77).

Properties. The physical properties of aHphatic fluorine compounds containing chlorine are similar to those of the PECs or HECs (3,5). They usually have high densities and low boiling points, viscosities, and surface tensions. The irregularity in the boiling points of the fluorinated methanes, however, does not appear in the chlorofluorocarbons. Their boiling points consistently increase with the number of chlorines present. The properties of some CECs and HCECs are shown in Tables 3 and 4. 

Each isomer has its individual set of physical and chemical properties however, these properties are similar (Table 6). The fundamental chemical reactions for pentanes are sulfonation to form sulfonic acids, chlorination to form chlorides, nitration to form nitropentanes, oxidation to form various compounds, and cracking to form free radicals. Many of these reactions are used to produce intermediates for the manufacture of industrial chemicals. Generally the reactivity increases from a primary to a secondary to a tertiary hydrogen (37). Other properties available but not Hsted are given in equations for heat capacity and viscosity (34), and saturated Hquid density (36). 

Because of limited commercial experience with anode coatings in membrane cells, commercial lifetimes have yet to be defined. Expected lifetime is 5—8 years. In some cases as of this writing (ca 1995), 10-years performance has already been achieved. Actual lifetime is dictated by the membrane replacement schedule, cell design, the level of oxygen in the chlorine gas, and by the current density at which the anode is operated. 

Chlorine heptoxide is more stable than either chlorine monoxide or chlorine dioxide however, the CX C) detonates when heated or subjected to shock. It melts at —91.5°C, bods at 80°C, has a molecular weight of 182.914, a heat of vapori2ation of 34.7 kj/mol (8.29 kcal/mol), and, at 0°C, a vapor pressure of 3.2 kPa (23.7 mm Hg) and a density of 1.86 g/mL (14,15). The infrared spectmm is consistent with the stmcture O CIOCIO (16). Cl O decomposes to chlorine and oxygen at low (0.2—10.7 kPa (1.5—80 mm Hg)) pressures and in a temperature range of 100—120°C (17). It is soluble in ben2ene, slowly attacking the solvent with water to form perchloric acid it also reacts with iodine to form iodine pentoxide and explodes on contact with a flame or by percussion. Reaction with olefins yields the impact-sensitive alkyl perchlorates (18). 

ProducL Sulfur, Chlorine, Active Copper strip 40° 100° Density, at Total acid Pour... 

Titanium Dichloride. Titanium dichloride [10049-06-6] is a black crystalline soHd (mp > 1035 at 10°C, bp > 1500 at 40°C, density 31(40) kg/m ). Initial reports that the titanium atoms occupy alternate layers of octahedral interstices between hexagonaHy close-packed chlorines (analogous to titanium disulfide) have been disputed (120). TiCl2 reacts vigorously with water to form a solution of titanium trichloride andUberate hydrogen. The dichloride is difficult to obtain pure because it slowly disproportionates. 

Titanium trisulfide [12423-80-2], TiS, a black crystalline soHd having a monoclinic stmcture and a theoretical density of 3230 kg/m, can be prepared by reaction between titanium tetrachloride vapor and H2S at 480—540°C. The reaction product is then mixed with sulfur and heated to 600°C ia a sealed tube to remove residual chlorine. Sublimatioa may be used to separate the trisulfide (390°C) from the disulfide (500°C). Titanium trisulfide, iasoluble ia hydrochloric acid but soluble ia both hot and cold sulfuric acid, reacts with concentrated nitric acid to form titanium dioxide. 

Organic compounds of bromine usually resemble their chlorine analogues but have higher densities and lower vapor pressures. The bromo compounds are more reactive toward alkaUes and metals brominated solvents should generally be kept from contact with active metals such as aluminum. On the other hand, they present less fire hazard one bromine atom per molecule reduces flammabiUty about as much as two chlorine atoms. 

Polystyrene. Polystyrene [9003-53-6] is a thermoplastic prepared by the polymerization of styrene, primarily the suspension or bulk processes. Polystyrene is a linear polymer that is atactic, amorphous, inert to acids and alkahes, but attacked by aromatic solvents and chlorinated hydrocarbons such as dry cleaning fluids. It is clear but yellows and crazes on outdoor exposure when attacked by uv light. It is britde and does not accept plasticizers, though mbber can be compounded with it to raise the impact strength, ie, high impact polystyrene (HIPS). Its principal use in building products is as a foamed plastic (see Eoamed plastics). The foams are used for interior trim, door and window frames, cabinetry, and, in the low density expanded form, for insulation (see Styrene plastics). 

Progressive chlorination of a hydrocarbon molecule yields a succession of Hquids and/or soHds of increasing nonflammability, density, and viscosity, as well as improved solubiUty for a large number of inorganic and organic materials. Other physical properties such as specific heat, dielectric constant, and water solubihty decrease with increasing chlorine content. 

Paraffin carbon chain length Nominal chlorine contents, %w / w Color hazen (APHA) Viscosity, mPa-s (=cP) Density, g/mL Thermal stability, %w/wHCl Volatihty, %w/w Refractive index... 

Commercial chlorination of benzene today is carried out as a three-product process (monochlorobenzene and 0- and -dichlorobenzenes). The most economical operation is achieved with a typical product spHt of about 85% monochlorobenzene and a minimum of 15% dichlorobenzenes. Typically, about two parts of -dichlorobenzene are formed for each part of (9-isomer. It is not economical to eliminate the coproduction of the dichlorobenzenes. To maximize monochlorobenzene production (90% monochlorobenzene and 10% dichlorobenzene), benzene is lightly chlorinated the density of the reaction mixture is monitored to minimize polychlorobenzene production and the unreacted benzene is recycled. 

Processing ndProperties. Neoprene has a variety of uses, both in latex and dry mbber form. The uses of the latex for dipping and coating have already been indicated. The dry mbber can be handled in the usual equipment, ie, mbber mills and Banbury mixers, to prepare various compounds. In addition to its excellent solvent resistance, polychloroprene is also much more resistant to oxidation or ozone attack than natural mbber. It is also more resistant to chemicals and has the additional property of flame resistance from the chlorine atoms. It exhibits good resiUence at room temperature, but has poor low temperature properties (crystallization). An interesting feature is its high density (1.23) resulting from the presence of chlorine in the chain this increases the price on a volume basis. 

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