Chlorinated tap water

A case control study of 6,913 individuals living near a Korean river contaminated with 30 tons of 100% phenol found nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain among 1,824 exposed subjects compared to 1,064 unexposed subjects (Kim et al. 1994). The level of phenol measured in the two reservoirs that served the community was 0.05 mg/L after the spill, while that in the chlorinated tap water was... 

Jo WK, Weisel CP, Lioy PJ. 1990. Routes of chloroform exposure and body burden from showering with chlorinated tap water. Risk Anal 10(4) 575-580. 

How to Use You can buy dried horsetail from organic and biodynamic garden suppliers. In a glass or stainless steel pot, mix 14 cup of dried leaves in 1 gallon of unchlorinated water. (If you have chlorinated tap water, either collect rainwater or let the tap water sit uncovered for 2 days so the chlorine will volatilize.) Bring to a boil, then let simmer for at least 16 hour. Cool and strain through cheesecloth. This mixture will keep for 1 month, stored in a olass container. Be sure to label it ... 

The problem of bromate also concerns bottled water, which has become a healthier choice than tap water for many people, because they beheve that bottled water contains fewer contaminants or they dislike the taste of chlorinated tap water. Therefore, the annual consumption of bottled drinking water in the world is substantial. Nevertheless, it is well known that significant amounts of bottled drinking water pass through treatment processes such as filtration, deionization, reverse osmosis, or ozoni-zation to ensure its quality. ... 

Purification of drinking water by adding CI2 to kill bacteria is a source of electrophilic chlorine and contributes a nonenzymatic pathway for a chlorina tion and subsequent chloroform formation Al though some of the odor associated with tap water may be due to chloroform more of it probably results from chlorination of algae produced organic com pounds... 

Tap water has been analyzed by the method proposed. Total content of chlorine and chloramines in water makes up. 0.12 0.02 mg/L which is less than maximum contaminant level. Standai d deviation does not exceed 0.15. 

Prohexadione-calcium at the level of 0.08 mg kg in tap water degrades and disappears rapidly. Degradation of prohexadione-calcium can be prevented by addition of ascorbic acid at about 1 mg kg in tap water. Degradation products of prohexadione-calcium by aqueous chlorination are identified by mass spectrometry. 

Musty and Nickless [353] used Amberlite XAD-4 for the extraction and recovery of chlorinated insecticides and PCBs from water. In this method a glass column (20 x 1 cm) was packed with 2 g XAD-4 (60 - 85 mesh), and 1 litre of tap water (containing 1 part per 109 of insecticides) was passed through the column at 8 ml/min. The column was dried by drawing a stream of air through, then the insecticides were eluted with 100 ml ethyl ether-hexane (1 9). The eluate... 

CL sensors based on immobilization of nonenzyme reagents have been extensively studied in recent years. Nakagama et al. [63] developed a CL sensor for monitoring free chlorine in tap water. This sensor consisted of a Pyrex tube, packed with the uranine (fluoresceine disodium) complex immobilized on IRA-93 anion-exchange resin, and a PMT placed close to the Pyrex tube. It was used for monitoring the concentration of free chlorine (as HCIO) in tap water, up to 1 mmol/L, with a detection limit of 2 nmol/L. The coefficient of variation (n =... 

Shiraishi, H., N.H. Pilkington, A. Otuski, and K. Fuwa. 1985. Occurrence of chlorinated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in tap water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19 585-590. 

Another approach consists of an in-situ acetylation and extraction of NPEOs and further analysis of the acetyl derivatives. The method has been applied to analyse effluent water and sewage sludges [102,103], sediments [104] and river waters [105]. Silylated derivatives [106] using BSA or BSTFA have also been used to determine NPEO (n < 6) in seawater [107] and wastewater [107,108], sediments [109] and sludges from wool scour effluents [110]. Halogenated derivatives of alkylphenols (AP) can also be formed as a result of chlorination practices in water treatment or wastewater if bromide is present. Brominated OPs and NPs (BrAPEOs) have been identified by GC-MS in sewage [111] and tap water [89], respectively. 

Mature, oocyte positive, female Xenopus laevis are kept in (mesh) covered grey plastic tanks in tap water (depth 15-20 cm, 3-4 L per animal) at 16-19°C under constant light regime (12-h day/night cycle). The quality of the tap water should be tested at the beginning and care should be taken on the chlorine and heavy metal content. A simple way to eliminate excessive chlorine from the water is storage of the water for 24 h. Clay tubes in the tanks allow the frogs to cover themselves. The animals are fed a commercially available pellet diet twice a week, and occasionally they receive small pieces of bovine heart. The tanks have to be cleaned after each meal. 

In many countries, water is not safe to drink. Untreated water is sometimes polluted with toxic chemicals. It may also carry numerous water-horne diseases, including typhoid fever, cholera, and dysentery. In Canada, the water that comes through your tap has heen through an elaborate purification process. This process is designed to remove solid particles and toxic chemicals, and to reduce the number of bacteria to safe levels. Adding chlorine to water is the most common way to destroy bacteria. 

The assertion that one could affect a city with an easily portable quantity of LSD dumped into its water supply is outrageously inaccurate. Powerful as it is, tons of LSD would be required to create an effective concentration in the huge volume of a major city s reservoir. In the presence of sunlight and chlorination, it is doubtful that residual LSD would have any perceptible effect by the time it reached consumer faucets. The amount of chlorine in a glass of ordinary tap water is sufficient to rapidly deactivate a full dose of LSD. 

Tap water is undoubtedly convenient it is clean, usually available whenever you want it, and supplied at high pressure. The provision of this service, however, may come at an unnecessary cost—both financial and environmental. The chlorine in tap water may harm your soil s microbe population and damage sensitive plants. Tap water may also have a high pH (see pp.30-31), making it unsuitable for use on lime-hating plants. 

The pond can be filled with rain or tap water. If using city water, wait at least 48 hours for the chlorine to dissipate before Introducing floating or oxygenating plants. Wildlife will move in rapidly of Its own accord, and within a year your pond should have a full complement of creatures. It Is not uncommon for new ponds to suddenly turn a vivid green. Do not be alarmed this algal bloom will clear by Itself, although you can help It to disperse (seep.l23). 

Chemical/Physical. It was suggested that the chlorination of dibenzofuran in tap water accounted for the presence of chlorodibenzofuran (Shiraishi et al., 1985). 

Chemical/Physical. Oxidation by ozone to fluorenone has been reported (Nikolaou, 1984). Chlorination of fluorene in polluted humus poor lake water gave a chlorinated derivative tentatively identified as 2-chlorofluorene (Johnsen et al., 1989). This compound was also identified as a chlorination product of fluorene at low pH (<4) (Oyler et al, 1983). It was suggested that the chlorination of fluorene in tap water accounted for the presence of chlorofluorene (Shiraishi et al., 1985). 

It was suggested that the chlorination of naphthalene in tap water accounted for the presence of chloro- and dichloronaphthalenes (Shiraishi et ah, 1985). Kanno et al. (1982) studied the aqueous reaction of naphthalene and other aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, o-, m-, and p-xylene) with hypochlorous acid in the presence of ammonium ion. They reported that the aromatic ring was not chlorinated as expected but was cleaved by chloramine forming cyanogen chloride. The amount of cyanogen chloride increased at lower pHs (Kanno et ah, 1982). 

Kronberg L, Vartiainen T (1988) Ames mutagenicity and concentration of the strong mutagen 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone and of its geometric isomer E-2-chloro-3-(dichloromethyl)-4-oxo-butenoic acid in chlorine-treated tap waters. Mutat Res 206 177-182... 

Furuhata K, Kato Y, Goto K et al (2007) Identification of yellow-pigmented bacteria isolated from hospital tap water in Japan and their chlorine resistance. Biocontrol Sci 12(2) 39-46... 

This thin-film-composite membrane has been found to have appreciable resistance to degradation by chlorine in the feed-water. Figure 2 illustrates the effect of chlorine in tap water at different pH values. Chlorine (100 ppm) was added to the tap water in the form of sodium hypochlorite (two equivalents of hypochlorite ion per stated equivalent of chlorine). Membrane exposure to chlorine was by the so-called "static" method, in which membrane specimens were immersed in the aqueous media inside closed, dark glass jars for known periods. Specimens were then removed and tested in a reverse osmosis loop under seawater test conditions. At alkaline pH values, the FT-30 membrane showed effects of chlorine attack within four to five days. In acidic solutions (pH 1 and 5), chlorine attack was far slower. Only a one to two percent decline in salt rejection was noted, for example, after 20 days exposure to 100 ppm chlorine in water at pH 5. The FT-30 tests at pH 1 were necessarily terminated after the fourth day of exposure because the microporous polysul-fone substrate had itself become totally embrittled by chlorine attack. 

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