Chloride effects

Reactions Involving the Trifluoromethyl Group. Aluminum chloride effects chlorinolysis of ben2otrifluoride to give ben2otrichloride (307). High yields of volatile acid fluorides are formed from ben2otrifluoride and perfluorocarboxyUc acids (308). 

Absorption of Hydrogen Chloride. Effective heat stabilizers have the abiHty to bind hydrogen chloride. Most stabilizer systems contain one or more metallic soaps or salts which readily undergo a simple acid—base reaction with the by-product hydrogen chloride as the PVC degrades ... 

The reaction of crotonaldehyde and methyl vinyl ketone with thiophenol in the presence of anhydrous hydrogen chloride effects conjugate addition of thiophenol as well as acetal formation. The resulting j3-phenylthio thioacetals are converted to 1-phenylthio-and 2-phenylthio-1,3-butadiene, respectively, upon reaction with 2 equivalents of copper(I) trifluoromethanesulfonate (Table I). The copper(I)-induced heterolysis of carbon-sulfur bonds has also been used to effect pinacol-type rearrangements of bis(phenyl-thio)methyl carbinols. Thus the addition of bis(phenyl-thio)methyllithium to ketones and aldehydes followed by copper(I)-induced rearrangement results in a one-carbon ring expansion or chain-insertion transformation which gives a-phenylthio ketones. Monothioketals of 1,4-diketones are cyclized to 2,5-disubstituted furans by the action of copper(I) trifluoromethanesulfonate. ... 

Quaternary ammonium salts (Cio to Cig alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) added in 40 ppm and 2% of sodium chloride effect an increase in the strength of the cement rock and the adhesion properties by 50% to 80% [1769]. 

These hydrophobic ammonium ions exert a medium effect on spontaneous, unimolecular reactions. Tri-n-octylmethylammonium chloride effectively speeds decarboxylation of 5-nitrobenzisoxazole carboxylate ion (24) (Kunitake et al., 1980), and tri-n-octyl ethylammonium mesylate or bromide... 

Yin, G. Ni, Y., (1998) Quantitative description of the chloride effect on chlorine dioxide generation from the C102-H0C1 reaction. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 76, 921-926. 

The effect of humidity on combustibility of various mixtures of organic matter and sodium chlorate was studied. Addition of a proportion of hygroscopic material (calcium or magnesium chlorides) effectively reduces the hazard. Similar effects were found for sodium dichromate and barium chlorate. 

Adams, P.M., Hanlon, R.T., and Forsythe, J.W. Toxic exposure to ethylene dibromide and mercuric chloride effects on laboratory-reared octopuses, Neurotoxicol. TeratoL, 19(6) 519-523, 1988. 

Taylor, R.M. (1984) Influence of chloride on the formation of iron oxides from Fe(ll) chloride. Effect of (Cl) on the formation of lepidocro-cite and its crystallinity. Clays Clay Min. 32 175-180... 

The scope of the Negishi-coupling is not limited to aryl and vinyl halides and sometimes acyl chlorides might also be converted to ketones by this protocol. The 2,3-dihalopyrrole derivative shown in 6.22. was converted into its 2-lithio derivative by selective lithium-halogen exchange at -78 °C. Addition of zinc chloride effected the formation of the appropriate pyrrolylzinc chloride, which was coupled with a functionalised butyroyl chloride in the presence of tetrakis(triphenylphosphino)palladium and furnished the expected 2-acylpyrrole in 61% yield.27... 

Cooling below —10° should be avoided because the reaction stops at that temperature and large amounts of oxalyl chloride accumulate in the flask. If this mixture is then allowed to come to room temperature, a vigorous reaction that may get out of control will take place. It is probable that, at reaction temperatures about 10°, the yield of 4,4,-bis(dimethylamino)benzil is less and some Crystal Violet is formed as an impurity, for it has been reported that aluminum chloride effects the conversion of N,N-dimetbylaniline and oxalyl chloride to Crystal Violet in 92-95% yield when the reaction is allowed to proceed without cooling.2... 

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