Potassium chloride, effect

Sodium sulphate crystallises out in hydrated form (common ion effect) and is filtered off on concentration, sodium dichromate is obtained. For analytical purposes, the potassium salt. K2Cr20-. is preferred potassium chloride is added and the less soluble potassium dichromate obtained. 

Sa.lts Salting out metal chlorides from aqueous solutions by the common ion effect upon addition of HCl is utilized in many practical apphcations. Typical data for ferrous chloride [13478-10-9] FeCl2, potassium chloride [7447-40-7] KCl, and NaCl are shown in Table 9. The properties of the FeCl2-HCL-H2 0 system are important to the steel-pickling industry (see Metal SURFACE TREATMENTS Steel). Other metal chlorides that are salted out by the addition of hydrogen chloride to aqueous solutions include those of magnesium, strontium, and barium. 

An examination has, therefore, been made of the effect of solutions of potassium chloride on the electrolytic resistance of films cast from a penta-erythritol alkyd, a phenolformaldehyde tung oil and an epoxypolyamide varnishPotassium chloride was chosen because its conductivity is well known and unpigmented films were first examined in order to eliminate the complexities of polymer/pigment interaction. 

The discussion so far has been limited to the behaviour of polymer films after immersion in potassium chloride solutions for only a short time. When varnish films were immersed in potassium chloride solutions for a month or more a steady fall in resistance took place. Further experiments indicated that the effect was reversible and dependent on both the pH of the solution and the concentration of potassium chloride. It was concluded that an ion exchange process was operative . 

In order to examine the effect of solvents, films of a solvent-free epoxypolyamine were cast, mounted in cells and their resistances measured in dilute and concentrated potassium chloride solution . All the films had / properties with resistances in the range 10 -I0 flcm. ... 

The most widely used reference electrode, due to its ease of preparation and constancy of potential, is the calomel electrode. A calomel half-cell is one in which mercury and calomel [mercury(I) chloride] are covered with potassium chloride solution of definite concentration this may be 0.1 M, 1M, or saturated. These electrodes are referred to as the decimolar, the molar and the saturated calomel electrode (S.C.E.) and have the potentials, relative to the standard hydrogen electrode at 25 °C, of 0.3358,0.2824 and 0.2444 volt. Of these electrodes the S.C.E. is most commonly used, largely because of the suppressive effect of saturated potassium chloride solution on liquid junction potentials. However, this electrode suffers from the drawback that its potential varies rapidly with alteration in temperature owing to changes in the solubility of potassium chloride, and restoration of a stable potential may be slow owing to the disturbance of the calomel-potassium chloride equilibrium. The potentials of the decimolar and molar electrodes are less affected by change in temperature and are to be preferred in cases where accurate values of electrode potentials are required. The electrode reaction is... 

The kinetics of decarboxylation of 4-aminosalicylic acid in some buffer solutions at 50 °C were studied. The first-order rate coefficients increased with increasing buffer concentration, though the pH and ionic strength were held constant (Table 217). This was not a salt effect since the rate change produced by substituting potassium chloride for the buffer salt was shown to be much smaller. It follows from the change in the first-order rate coefficients (kx) with... 

The cementing technology can be improved in wells with zones containing clays or shales that are sensitive to freshwater cement filtrate. Sodium chloride (i.e., natural salt) and potassium chloride (KCl) have been the primary materials of choice to yield a filtrate that damages these zones less. However, the unfavorable effects of salt on cement have been extensively documented, in particular. 

In potentiometric measurements the simplest approach to the liquid-junction problem is to use a reference electrode containing a saturated solution of potassium chloride, for example the saturated calomel electrode (p. 177). The effect of the diffusion potential is completely suppressed if the solutions in contact contain the same indifferent electrolyte in a sufficient... 

Nakahara and Chakrabarti [137] showed that the seawater salt matrix can be removed from the sample by selective volatilisation at 1700-1850 °C, but the presence of sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, and potassium chloride causes a considerable decrease in molybdenum absorbance, and magnesium chloride and calcium chloride cause a pronounced enhancement. The presence of magnesium chloride prevents the depressive effects. Samples of less than 50 pi can be analysed directly without using a background corrector with a precision of 10%. 

Up to now, no direct measurements of diffusion coefficients have been reported for any system that show the low-temperature upturn just described, and it may well be that for most systems involving hydrogen such effects would occur only at ultra-low temperatures and minuscule diffusion rates. Also, the impurities and imperfections always present in real materials might well trap nearly all the diffusant atoms at the low temperatures at which coherent transport might be expected in ideal material. However, a recent measurement by Kiefl et al. (1989) of the (electronic) spin relaxation rate of muonium in potassium chloride over a range of temperatures gives spectacular support to the concept of coherent tunneling at low temperatures. (See Fig. 6 of Chapter 15 and the associated discussion.)... 

Characteristic properties of endopectate lyases are the high pH optimum, and a requirement for Ca2+ ions in order to maintain catalytic activity. The pH optimum of various endopectate lyases ranges from 8.0 to 9.5 (Refs. 4, 178, 234, 236, 243). Besides activation by Ca2+ ions, the optimal concentration of which is 1 mM,234,236,244 strontium salts were also considered in the case of Bacillus sp. lyase.234 The enzyme from Pseudomonas sp. was also partly activated by magnesium chloride,178 and for the lyase of Clostridium felsineum, salts of other bivalent cations had an activating effect as well.245 (Ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid completely inactivated all of the lyases mentioned. The activity of endopectate lyase from Pseudomonas was also lessened in the presence of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HP04). 

Take drugs that have a direct irritant effect on the esophageal mucosa with plenty of liquid if they cannot be avoided (bisphosphonates, tetracyclines, quinidine, potassium chloride, iron salts, aspirin, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs). 

Whenever possible, potassium supplementation should be administered by mouth. Of the available salts, potassium chloride is most commonly used because it is the most effective for common causes of potassium depletion. 

Potassium chloride, 11 122 12 67 20 611-625. See also KCl-langbeinite ore chemical grades of, 20 62It compaction of, 20 621-625 corrosive effect on iron, 7 806 electrolysis of, 20 633 encapsulated, 16 453 froth flotation of, 20 615-616 mining, 20 613-615 refining, 20 615-621 as salt substitute, 22 819-820 separation from sodium chloride, 20 622 therapeutant for aquaculture in U.S.,... 

Table 11.2 Potassium chloride and potassium sulphate effect of temperature on recovery and rejection.

Figure 3.18 shows how this varies as the (-potential is varied at an electrolyte concentration of 10-2M potassium chloride. Once the potential exceeds 50 mV the calculation error becomes large and Equation (3.59) should really be restricted to tea > 100. However, Figure 3.18 shows how small the effect normally is. A numerical solution valid for any potential and all Ka values was published by Watterson and White.29... 

Osmolarity of perfusate solution The buffer osmolarity should be standardised to facilitate estimation of Peff values. Generally adjusted to physiological conditions of 290 mOsm/kg. (70 mM phosphate buffer) with 5.4 mM potassium chloride, 48 mM sodium chloride, 35 mM mannitol, and 10 mM D-glucose. Lane et al. [131] demonstrated the effect of hypersomolar perfusion on Tapp of ibuprofen in the in situ rat gut technique. Hypersomolar solutions tended to decrease Peff values, attributable to a reversed solvent drag effect. 

Two weeks after an episode of the flu, an 8-year-old boy with IDDM is brought to the emergency room in a coma. His breathing is rapid and deep, and his breath has a fiuity odor. His blood glucose is 36.5 mM (normal 4-8 mM). The physician administeis IV fluids, insulin, and potassium chloride. A rapid effect of insulin in this situation is to stimulate... 

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