Viscosity sodium chloride effects

Hou et al. [42] studied the effect of AA in pressure-sensitive adhesives composed of a terpolymer of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, VAc and AA. Like Gajria et al. they noticed a dependence of latex swelling with polymerization procedure. Hou et al. noted that batch polymerized latexes produced greater viscosity responses with pH adjustments. They demonstrated that addition of sodium chloride effectively reduced the pH-thickening response curve. Hnally, Kries and Sheiman [43] studied the influence of polymerizing various fimctional monomers on the wet adhesion of VAc/B A latexes. A number of monomer types were studied, such as polymoizable monomers containing amines, amides and acetoacetates, alone and in combination with each other. The ureido functional monomras exhibited supoior wet adhesion. 

Figure 7. Effect of sodium chloride concentration on the viscosity of hydrolyzed poly(starch g-(2 propenamide)) copolymer solutions.

Once the two salts are mixed in solution (acetone is a common solvent for this), the sodium chloride precipitates and is removed by filtration. The solvent is then removed under reduced pressure and, since salts have no vapour pressure, the ionic liquid remains in the flask. The problem with this reaction is that it is almost impossible to remove the last traces of chloride ions. The chloride not only influences the physical properties of the liquid such as melting point and viscosity, but is also a good nucleophile and can deactivate catalysts and affect reproducibility. A great deal of effort has been directed towards removal of the chloride contamination, including washes and chromatography, but none have proved to be completely effective [9], This has led to the development of some alternative synthetic routes. Simply exchanging Na[BF4]... 

Other physical phenomena that may be associated, at least partially, with complex formation are the effect of a salt on the viscosity of aqueous solutions of a sugar and the effect of carbohydrates on the electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions of electrolytes. Measurements have been made of the increase in viscosity of aqueous sucrose solutions caused by the presence of potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium oxalate, and the potassium and calcium salt of 5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid.81 Potassium acetate has a greater effect than potassium chloride, and calcium ion is more effective than potassium ion. Conductivities of 0.01-0.05 N aqueous solutions of potassium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium sulfate, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and calcium sulfate, in both the presence and absence of sucrose, have been determined by Selix.88 At a sucrose concentration of 15° Brix (15.9 g. of sucrose/100 ml. of solution), an increase of 1° Brix in sucrose causes a 4% decrease in conductivity. Landt and Bodea88 studied dilute aqueous solutions of potassium chloride, sodium chloride, barium chloride, and tetra-... 

The third mechanism by which proteins affect the stability of emulsions is rheological. This mechanism derives fundamentally from electrostatic and steric effects. The importance of viscosity has been described earlier. The viscosity of a caseinate solution is, inter alia, an indicator of the degree of bound water absorbed by the hydrophilic groups, as well as the water trapped inside the molecular aggregates (Korolczuk, 1982). The viscosity parameters (K, apparent viscosity at zero shear stress n, the power law factor and o-y, the yield stress) of sodium caseinate have been studied and found to be affected by concentration (Hermansson, 1975), precipitation and solution pH of caseinate (Hayes and Muller, 1961 Korolczuk, 1982), de-naturation (Hayes and Muller, 1961 Canton and Mulvihill, 1982), sodium chloride (Hermansson, 1975 Creamer, 1985), calcium chloride (Hayes and Muller, 1961) and temperature (Korolczuk, 1982). 

Sodium Chloride. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is used by some detergent manufacturers, its main function being as an inert filler or diluent. In spray-drying operations, NaCl is used to control Crutcher slurry viscosity and the density of the spray-dried bead or granules. In liquid formulations, NaCl is used to control product viscosity through the salt effect. Although salt is used to some extent in autodish formulations, it is not recommended because of potential machine and dishware corrosion. 

Viscosity of THP solutions increases markedly when the sodium chloride concentration is > 60 mM. Increasing the concentration of calcium and/.or a reduction in pH also increase viscosity and may account for the involvement of THP in the pathogenesis of cast nephropathy and tubulointerstitial nephritis. THP appears to have an inhibitory effect on urinary crystal arrgegation [154] and may play a role in preventing renal stone formation [155]. In some humans with calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, a molecular abnormality of THP has been detected [156]. Other studies showed decreased urinary levels of THP in patients with nephrolithiasis [157, 158]. A relative deficiency in THP has been associated with impaired inhibition of crystal adhesion to renal epithelial cells instone formers [159]. 

Because of the polyelectroly tic nature, pectin solutions need to be made in excess of salt, usually in 0.05 0.1 M sodium chloride or phosphate, and use the same solvent for dilution (isoionic dilution) (Pals and Hermans, 1952). This is because, unlike neutrol polymers, the viscosity of dilute solution of polyelectrolytes displays unique dependence on concentration. As shown in Figure 9.5, the qsp of sodium pectate exhibits a maximum in pure water and low concentration of salt, a phenomenon caused by the so-called electroviscous effect. When the salt concentration is... 

To examine the effect of concentration on viscosity, the sodium alginate was dissolved in water, to give 1% (w./w.) solution, sodium chloride was added to OAN, and the viscosity was measured at 25 C. The 1% solution was then diluted to 0.75%, sufficient sodium chloride was added to maintain O.IN, and the viscosity was again measured. In the same way, the viscosities at 0.50 and 0.25% (w./w.) were determined. The results are recorded in Table VI, and the curves are plotted in Figure 2. 

The sodium chloride was added to eliminate the electroviscous effect shown by sodium alginate solutions (6, 11, 12), Rose (11) found that O.IN sodium chloride swamped this effect, and higher concentrations, up to 0,5N sodium chloride, either had no additional effect or slightly increased the viscosity of 0.1 to 0.5% solutions of sodium alginate. 

CAPBs is typically below 0.3%, which is normally achieved by controlling the reaction pH. The dimethyl aminoamine content is controlled to be below 15 ppm, which is regarded as safe. Sodium chloride is formed as the main by-product, and is present in most betaine solutions in concentrations of about 5%. Typically, the salt is left in the surfactant solution as it has no negative side effects for most applications. It is even desirable for the enhancement of viscosity in ready-to-use preparations such as shampoos. 

After the viscosity reaches its peak value, the hydrolysis would still be continuing towards a higher degree of hydrolyzation, which cannot contribute much to the viscosity buildup anymore. Thus, the rate of viscosity increase will be diminishing rapidly. In the mean time, the excess sodium ions (Na" ) from the caustic soda (NaOH) would start acting as if they were the monovalent cations from the sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolved in the solution. Such a behavior may be called the "pseudo salt effect."... 

Although the presence of higher volume percent of aqueous phase is expected to produce oil-in-water emulsions, such a conclusion is not obvious in the present situation because of the interfering effect of sodium chloride. The viscosity and electrical conductance behavior of 4 1 (aqueous oil) and 2 1 emulsions present... 

---