Effect of sodium chloride concentration

Figure 7. Effect of sodium chloride concentration on the viscosity of hydrolyzed poly(starch g-(2 propenamide)) copolymer solutions.

Effect of NaCI Concentration. The presence of surfactant in brine can have a dramatic effect on crude oil-aqueous surfactant tensions even at elevated temperatures r5,211. Figure 5 shows that the effect of sodium chloride concentration on Athabasca bitumen-D20 interfacial tensions measured at constant surfactant... 

F. Pinguet, et al., Effect of sodium chloride concentration and temperature on mel-phalan stability during storage and use. Am. J. Hosp. Pharmacol. 51 2701-2704, 1994. 

Effect of Sodium Chloride Concentration. Figure b compares interfacial tensions of several different surfactant concentrations verses n-undecane in the presence of 0.1 M sodium chloride with values obtained without salt. Salt reduces the interfacial tension at all surfactant concentrations. Aqueous potassium oleate has a critical micelle concentration of 0.001 M (13). It could be inferred from Figure b that 0.001 M sodium oleate with no added salt is below the cmc, because of the high interfacial tension. If so, the much lower interfacial tension in the presence of 0.1 M sodium chloride stems from reduction of the cmc expected in the presence of added salt (lb). 

Figure 2. Effect of sodium chloride concentration ionic strength) on initial polymerization rate of methacrylic acid. The pH was 10.5 adjusted with NaOH. Reproduced with permission from ref 35. Copyright 1977 Huethig...

D-Fructofuranosidase in the cell wall preparation of hypocotyls and roots of germinating sugar beets was investigated with reference to /3-D-fructofurano-sidase isolated from the aged tissue slices of the mature roots.Effect of sodium chloride concentration on release of the enzymes, insolubilization by decreasing... 

The effect of sodium chloride concentration on corrosion of iron in air-saturated water at room temperature is shown in Fig. 7.11. The corrosion rate first increases with salt concentration and then decreases, with the value falling below that for distilled water when saturation is reached (26% NaCl). 

Figure 7.11. Effect of sodium chloride concentration on corrosion of iron in aerated solutions, room temperature (composite data of several investigations).

Figure 2. Effect of sodium chloride concentration on the removal of TCP by immobilized Pseudomonas ATCC 700113. The flow rates were gradually increased to ImUmin. (Reproduced with permission from reference 17. Copyright 1997 Springer-Verlag.)...

Figure 6. Effect of sodium chloride at different concentrations on emulsification capacity of peanut protein isolate at various pHs (21)...

Fig. 6.25 Dual ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) for measurement of sodium chloride concentration...

Davis and Burbage (34) while investigating the effects of sodium chloride on the size of multiple drops found that a threshold concentration of electrolyte existed below which little or no change in size occurred. This appeared to be related to drop diameter - larger multiple drops required a higher concentration of sodium chloride to effect shrinkage. 

The results of omission tests (12) including other compounds in WSE and attributes are reported in Table 3. Cheese sourness was explained by die enhancing effect of sodium chloride on the sourness due to hydronium ions concentration. Cheese bitterness was explained by the enhancing matrix effect on bitterness due to small peptides. Cheese saltiness was respectively explained by a partially masking effect of die matrix on the WSE salty taste due to sodium chloride. 

A systematic study of the influence of salts on foam films formed from nonionic surface active agents was carried out in these laboratories (3, 6). This paper reports an investigation of the effects of sodium chloride and potassium thiocyanate on the thickness of foam films formed from DMS. In addition to measurements on films, the electrophoretic mobilities of dodecane droplets stabilized with DMS were determined as a function of salt concentration, and the properties of insoluble mono-layers of octadecylmethyl sulfoxide (OMS) at the air-water interface have been examined using the classical methods largely developed by N. K. Adam (7). 

Electrophoretic Mobility. To estimate the possible charge on the sulfoxide film surface, we investigated the effects of sodium chloride and potassium thiocyanate on the electrophoretic mobility of dodecane droplets stabilized with DMS (see Figure 4). In the sodium chloride system the droplets were essentially uncharged at low concentrations, but between 3-5 X 10"3 mole/dm3, the mobility increased to —1.2 mfx cm/V sec. In the potassium thiocyanate system, the droplets had a mobility of... 

Contrary to the statement in Standard Methods (1), it has been found that high concentrations of chloride ion produce a decrease in brucine-nitrate color in the standard brucine technique. The modified technique only gives a constant response with chloride concentrations between 27 to 50 grams Cl"/liter. In our modification the effect of variable chloride concentrations is masked out by adding a large amount of sodium chloride to the reaction mixture before color development (Table III). 

In order to confirm the effect predicted from the equation obtained by utilizing of data on sodium hydroxide/sodium chloride solutions, experiments were performed with the buffered Microposit series of developers (Na OH solution with NajBOj buffer) to obtain the Re (dissolution rate of exposed resist) and Ru (dissolution rate of unexposed resist). The results of these measurements are shown in Figures 6, 7, 8 as function of sodium chloride concentration. It can be seen that the effect of the molar sodium chloride solution is to enhance the dissolution rate of both the exposed and unexposed photoresist areas. When the ratio of Re/Ru is obtained (Table I), it is clear that the 5 1 developer dilution has significantly higher contrast and that the ratios are roughly constant for all sodium chloride concentration studied. 

Figure 19.7. Effect of sodium chloride addition on the CMC of different sodium alkyl sulfates. The solid lines represent predictions from electrostatic theory (Poisson-Boltzmann equation), with being the salt concentrations. (Redrawn from G. Gunnarsson, B. Jonsson and H. Wennerstrom, J. Phys. C/i m., 84 (1980) 3114)...

Figure 4.4 Effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) in the polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL) solution on fibre morphology (voltage = 5kV, tip-target distance = 10 cm flow rate = 0.2 ml/h). Concentration of NaCl solution in water (a) 0.05 vol% (b) 0.10 vol% (c) 0.15 vol% and (d) 0.20 vol%...

PART III XANTHAN GUM, 637 Effect of Polymer Concentration on Apparent Viscosity, 637 Effect of Polymer Concentration on Screen Factor, 638 Effect of Sodium Chloride on the Apparent Viscosity of Biopolymers, 639 Effect of Cation Type on Polymer Viscosity, 642 Effect of Alkali Type on Polymer Viscosity, 643 Effect of Surfactants on Polymer Viscosity, 648 Combined Effect of Surfactants and Alkalis on Polymer Viscosity, 648... 

Figure 8. Effect of sodium chloride on the low-shear Newtonian viscosity at polymer concentration of 1,000 ppm.

Figure 24 depicts the influence of sodium chloride concentration (up to 10 wt%) on the flow curves of Flocon 4800 solutions having 2,(XK) ppm polymer. The effect of sodium chloride depended on the shear rate. At shear rates < 0.1 s", the apparent viscosity decreased as the sodium chloride concentration was increased up to 1 wt%, then showed a gradual increase with further addition of sodium chloride. The gradual increase in viscosity with sodium chloride concentration is due to the increase in solvent viscosity with sodium chloride concentration. At shear rates > 10 s, the apparent viscosity was independent of sodium chloride concentration. 

The Statoii polymer has a lower pyruvate content than that of Flocon 4800. It is of interest to examine the effect of sodium chloride on the flow curves of this polymer. Figure 25 illustrates the flow curves of polymer solutions having 2,000 ppm Statoii polymer and sodium chloride concentrations of 0, 4, and 10 wt%. Similar to the trends observed with Flocon 4800, the effect of sodium chloride was observed at low shear rates only. However, the apparent viscosity at low shear rates for polymer solutions containing 4 and 10 wt% sodium chloride was higher than that at 0 wt% sodium chloride. This result is due to the lower ionic character (lower pyruvate content) of the Statoii polymer. 

Figure 27 is similar to Figure 26, but for the Statoil polymer. The effect of sodium chloride on the polymer flow curves was similar to that observed at lower polymer concentrations. There was no increase in the apparent viscosity as a result of adding sodium chloride, other than that expected from the solvent viscosity at sodium chloride concentrations of 3 and 5 wt%. 

The general behavior of the system is exemplified in Figure 3.11, which shows the effects of concentration of sodium chloride, concentration of DEC, and the age of the silicic acid sol on the formation of a gelatin-silicic acid precipitate in a system containing 0.5-2% gelatin and 1-5% Si02 at pH 2.5 and 27 C. Each of the lines,... 

The situation is, however, more unpredictable at surfactant concentrations well in excess of the CMC when other effects of electrolyte on micellar properties predominate. The complexity is demonstrated by a detailed study by Ekwall et al [166] of the effect of sodium chloride on the solubilization of decanol by sodium octanoate. At low octanoate concentrations (up to about 0.3 mol 1 the decanol solubility, as expected, begins to increase only when the CMC is exceeded and the increase proceeds up to the highest chloride additions studied (Fig. 5.20). However, at octanoate concentrations > 0.3 mol 1 the first chloride additions caused a more or less pronounced increase of decanol solubility, but this increase is changed to a decrease at further increase of the salt concentration the maximum of the solubility curve occurs at lower sodium chloride when the octanoate content of the system is increased. At octanoate concentrations above about 0.7 mol 1 the addition of salt caused an immediate decrease in the solubilizing capacity of the system. This complex effect of added salt was... 

Figure 5.20 The effect of sodium chloride addition on decanol solubility in aqueous solutions of sodium octanoate at 20"" C in (a) the concentration range of 0.2 to 1 mol octanoate per 1000 g decanol-free solution and (b) the concentration range of 0.67 to 3.5 mol octanoate per 1000 g water. From Ekwall et al. [166] with permission.

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