Chloride major effects

Additives, such as fire retardants, can have a major effect on pyrolysis, and even trace amounts of ash have been shown to influence pyrolysis (6 ). Generally, fire retardants work by increasing the dehydration reaction rate to form more char and as a direct result give fewer flammable volatile compounds (1,3,7). Several papers have noted that phosphoric acid and its salts decrease the Efl (13,18,22,29), aluminum chloride has little effect (22) on Efl and boric acid increases the Efl (12,18). The reaction order for treated samples has been generally reported as lst-order (12,13,18,29) which is also the most commonly used rate expression for analysis of TGA data of untreated cellulose. 

Buspirone does not appear to have a major effect on the BZ-GABA-chloride ionophore complex and, if anything, has some antagonistic interactions with GA-BAergic transmission (although it does not induce seizures) (Jann, 1988 Baldessarini, 1996). The lack of GABAergic effects is evident in the fact that buspirone does not consistently cause sedation, it is not a muscle relaxant, it is not an anticonvulsant, and it does not relieve BZ withdrawal (Jann, 1988 Cole and Yonkers, 1995). 

Configurational inversion at C-2 of compound 82 has no major effect on the products of photobromination, tetra-0-acetyl-/ -D-mannopyranosyl chloride giving the C-2 epimers of compounds 84 and 86 in 72 and 12% yield, respectively.25... 

Selection of the type of RE is determined in large part by the composition of the fill solution. The fill solution can have two major effects on the electrochemical measurement. Along with the metal electrode, it controls the value of the RE potential. In addition it is generally concentrated (i.e., on the order to 0.5 to 5 M salt). Thus it can act as a source for ionic contamination of the test solution. Because the most popular reference electrodes contain chloride ion, a known aggressive species, this contamination source must be considered carefully. The rate at which the fill solution contaminates the solution (and vice versa) is strongly dependent on the leak rate of the frit. If the frit (or valve) prevented all movement of ionic species, then the RE would not function as a complete electrical circuit, which is required to allow a potential to be measured. Thus frits are generally designed to leak at rates on the order of lpL/h. 

Very recent studies of the products and kinetics over a larger range of variables have confirmed and elucidated the major effects previously reported. In the presence of appreciable amounts of chloride ion, very little chlorate is formed, and the overall stoichiometry is approximately ... 

Conversion increases with temperature in the range of 153-205°F. These are the practical temperature limits below 153°F. the catalyst solidifies and above 205°F. disproportionation becomes excessive. Aluminum chloride concentration in the catalyst has a major effect on yield and... 

Reference has been made to the observation that both anionic and cationic species in the environment can influence the anodic polarization of active-passive types of metals and alloys. Specific examples have related to the effect of pH as it influences the stability and potential range of formation of oxide and related corrosion product films. The effect of pH, however, cannot be treated, even with single chemical species, independent of the accompanying anions. For example, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, and nitrate ions accompanying acids based on these ionic species will influence both the kinetics and thermodynamics of metal dissolution in addition to the effect of pH. Major effects may result if the anion either enhances or prevents formation of protective corrosion product films, or if an anion, both thermodynamically and kinetically, is an effective oxidizing species (easily reduced), then large changes in the measured anodic polarization curve will be observed. 

The major effects caused by the CF transmembrane conductance regulator gene seem to be due to the fact that because of the defect in chloride transport, less ions are secreted into critical fluids, and are not therefore available to retain water in the secretions of the exocrine glands. The pathology is a consequence of the inevitable blockage which occurs with highly viscid secretions (Koch and Hoiby 1993). 

Widespread concern about the dangers to health of vinyl chloride monomer has had a major effect on production plant design and construction in the last 20 years. The general aspects of environmental acceptability of PVC has been a contentious topic perceived as a potential market threat and has stimulated much action and comment from the major producers. 

The major use for chlorine is the chlorination of ethylene to make ethylene dichloride (this is always referred to as ethylene dichloride, but the more proper name is 1,2-dichlorethane) by addition of chlorine to the double bond. Ethylene dichloride, or EDC, is converted into vinyl chloride, which is then converted to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymer. There are many uses for PVC, but much of the demand is in the building and construction industry for items such as plumbing, vinyl siding, and window frames. Therefore the robustness of the construction business has a major effect on PVC demand and, in turn, chlorine demand. Other uses for chlorine include water purification, titanium dioxide production, phosgene production and orgamc... 

The nature of the impurities in the water has a major effect on soil removal from a textile. If the water is hard and contains significant amounts of calcium and magnesium salts as carbonates, sulfates, or chlorides, these salt ions will interfere with the soil lifting action of the surfactant unless appropriate water softening agents are added. Dissolved iron salts or the presence of clays, silts, and other colorants can interfere with cleaning, also. 

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