Hand rinses

P-Endosulfan has also been measured in hand rinsings using GC/ECD (Kazen et al. 1974). Sample preparation involves hand rinses with hexane followed by concentration, fractionation, and clean-up with Florisil . Sensitivity, recovery, and precision data were not reported. 

Hand rinsings Rinsing of hands twice with hexane solvent volume reduction fractionation and clean-up on Florisal GC/ECD No data No data Kazen et al. 1974... 

Methods for Determining Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect. GC/ECD, GC/MS, and GC/MC are analytical techniques used for measuring endosulfan in blood, urine, hand rinses, and various biological tissues and excreta at low- and sub-ppb levels (Coutselinis et al. 1976 Demeter and Heyndrickx 1978 Demeter et al. 1977 Griffith and Blanke 1974 Guardino et al. 1996 Kazen et al. 

Doses of chlorpyrifos in human volunteers were also estimated using physical measurements. Air sampling was conducted in order to estimate the inhalation dose to each volunteer. Dislodgeable residues were also measured throughout the study to estimate the dermal contribution to total dose. Finally, hand rinses were conducted on each volunteer immediately following the 4-hr activity period to assess the potential contribution to total dose from hand exposure and to estimate an oral dose to a crawling child. 

Doses for each volunteer were estimated by two methods. The first approach was to sum the contributions of the inhalation and dermal routes (whole body and hands). These contributions were estimated using calculations based on the air sampling data, the dislodgeable residue data, and the hand-rinse data. 

AR = Amount of chlorpyrifos removed in the hand rinse 0.01 = 1% absorption factor (EPA modification of Nolan et al.2) Wt. = Body weight... 

In this physical methodology, hand-rinsing the volunteers immediately following the activity period removed some test substance from the hands if left on the hands, this substance would have had the opportunity to be absorbed and therefore would have increased the biomonitoring values. In addition, we do not currently know the efficiency of the hand rinse. It is generally thought that the efficiency of the hand rinse using anionic surfactants to remove chlorpyrifos is no better than 50%,5 a value to be determined in future research. 

In addition to its presence in the ambient atmosphere, diazinon also has been monitored in both outdoor and indoor air associated with its use in a variety of domestic, commercial, and occupational exposure situations. Exposure to diazinon from its use in lawn and home garden applications was evaluated by Davis et al. (1983). Diazinon was mixed with water and sprayed using compressed air sprayers or hose-end sprayers, and potential respiratory and dermal exposures were estimated from residues collected from respirator filters, body pads, and hand rinsings. These authors reported mean respiratory exposures of 1.9,... 

Likewise, the hand rinse samples in ethyl alcohol were removed from the refrigerator and allowed to warm to room temperature. Then a 100 ml aliquot of the solution was transferred to a 500 ml separatory funnel, and 200 ml of water and 1.0 ml of concentrated phosphoric acid were added. The resultant solution was extracted 4 times with 50 ml each of... 

Analytical Procedures. The extracts from exposure pads, hand rinses, and apple leaves were evaporated to dryness in the 40-45°C water bath, and the carbaryl residues were determined by the procedure of Maitlen and McDonough (4). In this procedure, the residues were hydrolyzed with methanolic potassium hydroxide to 1-naphthol which was then converted to the mesylate derivative by reaction with methanesulfonyl chloride. The carbaryl mesylate was quantitated with a Hewlett Packard Model 5840A gas chromatograph (GLC) equipped with a flame photometric detector operated in the sulfur mode. The GLC column was a 122 cm x 4.0 mm I.D. glass column packed with Chromosorb G (HP) coated with 5% OV 101. The column was operated at a temperature of 205°C with a nitrogen flow rate of 60 ml/min. 

Sum of residues on shoulder pads (pg/cm2) Sum of residues on forearm pads (pg/cm2) Sum of residues from hand rinses (pg)... 

None detected (ND) limit of detection was 0.07 pg/cm2 on exposure pads and 4.0 pg/hand rinse thus the HDE limit of detection varied with exposure time. 

A ow). The aqueous solutions may be preferred for the more water-soluble pesticides, whereas the organic solvents may provide better results for highly water-insoluble chemicals. The water used for preparing aqueous solutions should be either distilled or deionized if possible. Several commercially available surfactants have been nsed to prepare hand-rinse solutions ( Snr-Ten , Aerosol OT-75 , Emcol 4500 and Nekal WT-27 ) at concentrations of abont 0.01 %. 

Usually, the absorbed dose estimated by using biomonitoring methods is less than that estimated by using passive dosimeters, hand rinses or gloves, as illustrated by Krieger (1995) for strawberry harvesters. However, to be used effectively, the pharmacokinetics of the chemical need to be thoroughly understood (Worgan and Rozario, 1995). 

When alcohols are used for handwashes or rinses, especially in concentrated form, evaporative losses may be encountered, particularly with the open hand-rinse or basin approach. Alcohols may also extract plasticizers or other additives from plastic bags and should always be evaluated for analytical interferences before use. The use of aqueous solutions may be limited by analytical constraints, especially for the determination of low-level residues. As previously discussed, aqueous media can cause extraction and analysis problems for neutral-extractable pesticides. Hydrolysis of some pesticides (especially carbamates and organophosphates) may also occur in aqueous solution. 

The use of hand-rinses on small children has not been common practice. Lewis et al. (1994b) have reported problems in administering 2-propanol handwashes on young children due mostly to the reaction of the child to the sensation of coldness as the solvent evaporated from the skin. 

Sell, C.R. and J.C. Maitlen (1983). Procedure for the determination of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid in dermal exposure pads, hand rinses, urine and perspiration from agricultural workers exposed to the herbicide, 7. Agric. Food Chem., 31, 572-575. 

Table 7.2 Interworker, intertask and intra- and interlocation variability in dermal exposure to captan assessed through hand-rinsing and using dermal patches, in a large population of fruit growers (from De Cock et al., 1998a,b)...

There are also studies that produce observations that are not found in a controlled experimental design. These studies can use x, data that are collected based on intuition or hunches. For example, if a person wants to know if a water wash before the use of 70% alcohol as a hand rinse reduces the alcohol s antimicrobial effects, as compared with using 70% alcohol alone, an indicator (dummy) variable study may be required. That particular x, variable may be coded as... 

It is recognized that it is often difficult to attribute independent specific effectiveness to an intervention-and-control program because they are inherently multifaceted. For example, Butz et al. evaluated the effectiveness of an intervention program in daycare homes that included handwashing education, the use of vinyl gloves, disposable diaper changing pads, and an alcohol-based hand rinse [54], Symptoms of enteric illness were lower in the intervention homes, but it was not possible to separate out the effects of each component of the intervention. 

Reportedly, a bland soap handwash was ineffective in preventing transfer by hand of gram-negative bacteria to catheters following brief contact with a heavily contaminated patient source an alcohol hand rinse was generally effective. Other studies have compared the effectiveness of 10% povidone-iodine, 70% isopropanol, and 2% aqueous CHG for the prevention of infection associated with central venous and arterial catheters [5]. CHG resulted in the lowest incidence of local catheter-related infection (2.3% vs. 7.1% and 9.3% for isopropanol and povidone-iodine, respectively) and catheter-related bacteremia (0.5% vs. 2.3% and 2.6% for isopropanol and povidone-iodine, respectively [5]. 

A number of investigators have evaluated the effectiveness of alcohols as hand rinses after short contact times. Morrison et al. compared three alcohol-based hand rinses—including 70% isopropanol, 0.5% CHG in 70% isopropanol, and a 60% isopropanol formulation containing evaporative retardant—in 14 subjects... 

A study was carried out to determine the comparative efficacies of 4% CHG in a detergent base and 60% isopropanol hand rinse (with optional use of a bland soap) in reducing nosocomial infections in intensive care units (ICUs)... 

Following product application and hand-sampling, the subjects will be required to perform a supervised 1-minute hand rinse with 70% ethanol, with an air-dry, followed by a 4-minute wash with a 4% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) or 10% povidone-iodine solution, and a water rinse to remove any residual E. coli (ATCC 11229) from the hands. 

Kamble et al. (1992) studied the exposure of 29 commercial applicators exposed to Termide EC (technical chlordane 39.22% plus heptachlor 19.6%), diluted to 0.75% (active ingredient) during subterranean termite treatment of homes. Dermal exposure was monitored using 14 gauze pads for each applicator attached to exterior and interior parts of clothing for an average duration of 138 minutes. Exposure to hands was monitored by hand rinses immediately after application. 

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