China Today

For the next decade or more, multinationals should be the biggest winners (though not all their employees) as China s economy is 

2 Plastics China Technologies, Markets and Growth Strategies to 2008 

2 Over-supply and deflation. Individual savings, nearly 40% of GDP, have been channelled into state-owned banks and thence to state-owned enterprises investing at times in expanded capacity despite oversupply. Becauf e large state-owned enterprises need not show a profit to survive, price competition in the domestic market has sometimes reached ruinous levels for many goods. 

3 The constancy of change. Continuously changing regulations, bureaucracies and reporting relationships make business planning difficult in a country where government plays a major role in the economy. 

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Japan, South Korea and China, today the countries with the most extensive new ship building industry, have not yet implemented registration schemes for AF products but legislative initiatives are on the way and the coming into force of legislation analogous with e.g. the European BPD is envisaged within near future. 

The initial source plant of camptothecin, Camptotheca acuminata, is a rare species found in southern regions of the People s Republic of China. Today, camptothecin is produced commercially not only from cultivated C. acuminata trees in mainland China but also from the roots of Nothapodytes nimmoniana (formerly known as both N. foetida and Mappia foetida), which is found in the southern regions of the Indian subcontinent (69). Interestingly, these two antineoplastic agents are particularly important both because of the clinical effectiveness of their derivatives as cancer chemotherapeutic agents and because they are prominent lead... 

Staple fibers made of PVAL are still produced in North Korea and China today (estimated production capacities 50,000 and 150,000 t/a, respectively). 

When Wilhelm Ostwald, toward the end of the nineteenth century, formulated his idea of using an electrochemical mechanism for the direct conversion of natural fuels chemical energy to electrical energy, coal was the chief kind of fuel in the hands of mankind. Even today, notwithstanding the widespread use of petroleum products and the development of nuclear power, coal remains a very important component of world energy supply. Its share of all known natural fuel reserves worldwide is about 60%. In China today, about 80% of the electrical energy is produced by coal-fired power stations, these being responsible for 70% of the carbon dioxide emissions and 90% of the sulfur dioxide emissions in this country (Cao et al 2007). 

The Chinese series of coins in this study all are attributed to the emperor Ch ien Lung (in Pinyin transliteration, Qian Long) who reigned from 1736-1796 (I). The two sides of the coin are designated the obverse, which shows four characters, and the reverse, which shows two characters in a different script than that used on the obverse. The obverse is in a Chinese script read by most people living in China, while the reverse is a Manchu script not normally read by the majority of people in China today (5). The obverse characters are read top, bottom, right, left, and invariably translate as the money of Ch ien Lung. The reverse two characters indicate the mint city in which die coin was cast. 

Chinese fireworks remain popular in the United States today, along with an assortment of other types of pyrotechnic articles that produce a wide assortment of visible and audible effects. The Japanese also produce beautiful fireworks, but curiously, they do not appear to have developed the necessary technology until fireworks were brought to Japan around 1600 A.D. by an English visitor. Many of the advances in fireworks technology over the past several centuries have come from these two Asian nations, and China today is the world s primary supplier of both consumer and display fireworks. 

Cultivated soybean (Glycine max) originated in China. Today soybeans are widely grown and utilized around the world. In 2008, about 231 million tonnes of soybeans were produced globally (FAO, 2010). The United States leads the world soybean production, followed by Brazil, Argentina and China (Table 1.2). 

Tomas Koch, McKinsey Quarterly China Today, 2004 Special Edition, pp90, 93. 

Based on our data collection and personal interviews in China, China s retail sector has undergone tremendous changes recently. Specifically, most cosmetic products are sold through the following five major distribution channels in China today ... 

Fang, C., Gao, X., Liu, C.C., Wang, W.W., and Wu, T., Analysis of Demand, Production, and Distribution of Cosmetics in Mainland China Today and Tomorrow, Unpublished Report, UCLA Anderson School, 2006. 

Malaria affects an estimated 270 million people and causes 2—3 million deaths annually, approximately one million of which occur in children under the age of five. While primarily an affliction of the tropics and subtropics, it has occurred as far north as the Arctic Circle. The disease essentially has been eradicated in most temperate-zone countries, but some 1100 cases of malaria in U.S. citizens returning from abroad were reported to the Centers for Disease Control during 1990. Malaria is seen today in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. It is on the increase in Afghanistan, Brazil, China, India, Mexico, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. Escalation of the disease is because of the discontinued use of the insecticide DDT which effectively kills mosquito larvae, but has been found to be toxic to Hvestock and wildlife. Also, chloroquine (6), a reUable dmg for the prophylaxis and treatment of falcipamm malaria, is ineffective in many parts of the world because of the spread of dmg-resistant strains. 

Indigo was originally made from two plants. One is woad, Isatis tinctoria, a native of Greece and Italy, and the other is indigo, Indigofera tinctoria, a native of India. At the end of the nineteenth century, German scientists synthesized the dye, and production from plant sources declined. Most of the dye today comes from China. 

Of course, lime is no longer used to light up the stage, but it is still used today in an application that has been around for millennia—making concrete. In fact, the Great Wall of China is made of lime cement. 

The Energy Black Hole was the title of my presentation in our conference Topics in Energy and Resources held in January, 1974, in Coral Gables. It was 20 years ago when China had a population of 750 million compared to 1.25 billion in the China of today. The Indian population stood at 600 million, versus one billion now, and in 1974 India hadjust produced its first atomic bomb. Recently, in 1998, both India and Pakistan actually detonated hydrogen bombs, thereby becoming members ofthe nuclearclub. The two countries may now find it easier to talk to each other than when only one of them had the bomb. 

Stretford A process for removing hydrogen sulfide and organic sulfur compounds from coal gas and general refinery streams by air oxidation to elementary sulfur, using a cyclic process involving an aqueous solution of a vanadium catalyst and anthraquinone disulfonic acid. Developed in the late 1950s by the North West Gas Board (later British Gas) and the Clayton Aniline Company, in Stretford, near Manchester. It is the principle process used today, with over 150 plants licensed in Western countries and at least 100 in China. 

The geographical distribution of oil consumption depicts a very different picture from production. The USA alone is responsible for one quarter of total consumption, followed by China and Japan the European Union accounts for 18%. In particular, consumption in China and India more than doubled in the last decade, with China showing a surge in demand of 17% between 2003 and 2004. The transportation sector today is responsible for 47% of total primary oil consumption,... 

Today, the USA has an oil-import dependence (net imports as percentage of consumption) of 64%, the European Union of 79%, China of 46%, India of 69% and Japan of 100% as non-OPEC production declines, the import dependence of these countries will further rise in the coming decades until 2030. 

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